--- _id: '63881' abstract: - lang: eng text: |- Abstract The relationship between leptin levels and psychiatric disorders has been studied more extensively in adults than in children and adolescents. However, the results are conflicting. We investigated serum leptin levels in children and adolescents (11 to 18.9 years) with psychiatric disorders ( n  = 363). Absolute and relative (body-mass-index (BMI)-, sex- and pubertal-stage-adjusted z-scores using reference values of healthy children and adolescents) leptin levels of different patient groups according to diagnosis were compared. The association between leptin levels and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and anxiety (Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self Report) was examined using regression analysis. Leptin z-scores were higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than in healthy controls (median 1.50, p  < .001). While global tests suggested differences in leptin z-scores between patients with different psychiatric disorders, these differences could not be attributed to diagnosis groups in post-hoc pairwise comparisons. Absolute leptin levels differed between psychiatric disorders ( p  < .001). Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) had the lowest levels, and patients with mood disorders had higher leptin levels than patients with mental disorders other than mood disorders, anxiety or AN. Neither absolute nor relative leptin levels were related to depressive or anxiety symptoms in regression models adjusted for sex and BMI. Significantly elevated BMI-, sex- and puberty-stage-adjusted leptin levels were observed in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders compared to a reference sample. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm and explain this finding. No relationship was found between absolute or relative leptin levels and symptoms of depression or anxiety. author: - first_name: Nicola full_name: Albers, Nicola last_name: Albers - first_name: Jochen full_name: Antel, Jochen last_name: Antel - first_name: Manuel full_name: Föcker, Manuel last_name: Föcker - first_name: Lars full_name: Libuda, Lars last_name: Libuda - first_name: Judith full_name: Bühlmeier, Judith last_name: Bühlmeier - first_name: Raphael full_name: Hirtz, Raphael last_name: Hirtz - first_name: Jochen full_name: Seitz, Jochen last_name: Seitz - first_name: Anke full_name: Hinney, Anke last_name: Hinney - first_name: Johannes full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes last_name: Hebebrand - first_name: Triinu full_name: Peters, Triinu last_name: Peters citation: ama: Albers N, Antel J, Föcker M, et al. Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status. European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry. Published online 2026. doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4 apa: Albers, N., Antel, J., Föcker, M., Libuda, L., Bühlmeier, J., Hirtz, R., Seitz, J., Hinney, A., Hebebrand, J., & Peters, T. (2026). Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status. European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4 bibtex: '@article{Albers_Antel_Föcker_Libuda_Bühlmeier_Hirtz_Seitz_Hinney_Hebebrand_Peters_2026, title={Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status}, DOI={10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4}, journal={European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Albers, Nicola and Antel, Jochen and Föcker, Manuel and Libuda, Lars and Bühlmeier, Judith and Hirtz, Raphael and Seitz, Jochen and Hinney, Anke and Hebebrand, Johannes and Peters, Triinu}, year={2026} }' chicago: Albers, Nicola, Jochen Antel, Manuel Föcker, Lars Libuda, Judith Bühlmeier, Raphael Hirtz, Jochen Seitz, Anke Hinney, Johannes Hebebrand, and Triinu Peters. “Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders Have High Relative Leptin Levels upon Adjustment for Sex, BMI, and Pubertal Status.” European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4. ieee: 'N. Albers et al., “Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status,” European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026, doi: 10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4.' mla: Albers, Nicola, et al. “Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders Have High Relative Leptin Levels upon Adjustment for Sex, BMI, and Pubertal Status.” European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026, doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4. short: N. Albers, J. Antel, M. Föcker, L. Libuda, J. Bühlmeier, R. Hirtz, J. Seitz, A. Hinney, J. Hebebrand, T. Peters, European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry (2026). date_created: 2026-02-05T09:21:46Z date_updated: 2026-02-05T09:22:02Z department: - _id: '35' - _id: '17' - _id: '22' doi: 10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4 language: - iso: eng publication: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry publication_identifier: issn: - 1018-8827 - 1435-165X publication_status: published publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC status: public title: Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status type: journal_article user_id: '88682' year: '2026' ... --- _id: '26523' abstract: - lang: eng text: AbstractWith this case report we support our medical hypothesis that metreleptin treatment ameliorates starvation related emotional, cognitive and behavioral symptomatology of anorexia nervosa (AN) and show for the first time strong effects in a male patient with AN. A 15.9 year old adolescent with severe AN of eight-month duration was treated off-label with metreleptin. Hyperactivity was assessed with accelerometry. Visual analogue scales (VAS), validated self- and clinician rating scales and lab results tracked changes from baseline to end of the 24-day dosing period and a five-month follow-up. Substantial improvements of mood and eating disorder related cognitions and hyperactivity set in after two days of treatment. During dosing, sub-physiological testosterone and TT3 levels normalized; clinically libido reemerged. Weight did not increase substantially during the dosing period. During follow-up target weight was attained; mood did not deteriorate; hyperactivity ceased. The results substantiate the strong effects seen in female cases and underscore the need for a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to confirm the observed strong, multiple and rapid onset beneficial effects of metreleptin in AN. author: - first_name: Jochen full_name: Antel, Jochen last_name: Antel - first_name: Susanne full_name: Tan, Susanne last_name: Tan - first_name: Marvin full_name: Grabler, Marvin last_name: Grabler - first_name: Christine full_name: Ludwig, Christine last_name: Ludwig - first_name: Dominik full_name: Lohkemper, Dominik last_name: Lohkemper - first_name: Tim full_name: Brandenburg, Tim last_name: Brandenburg - first_name: Nikolaus full_name: Barth, Nikolaus last_name: Barth - first_name: Anke full_name: Hinney, Anke last_name: Hinney - first_name: Lars full_name: Libuda, Lars id: '88682' last_name: Libuda orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133 - first_name: Miriam full_name: Remy, Miriam last_name: Remy - first_name: Gabriella full_name: Milos, Gabriella last_name: Milos - first_name: Johannes full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes last_name: Hebebrand citation: ama: Antel J, Tan S, Grabler M, et al. Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Published online 2021. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7 apa: Antel, J., Tan, S., Grabler, M., Ludwig, C., Lohkemper, D., Brandenburg, T., Barth, N., Hinney, A., Libuda, L., Remy, M., Milos, G., & Hebebrand, J. (2021). Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7 bibtex: '@article{Antel_Tan_Grabler_Ludwig_Lohkemper_Brandenburg_Barth_Hinney_Libuda_Remy_et al._2021, title={Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism}, DOI={10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7}, journal={European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry}, author={Antel, Jochen and Tan, Susanne and Grabler, Marvin and Ludwig, Christine and Lohkemper, Dominik and Brandenburg, Tim and Barth, Nikolaus and Hinney, Anke and Libuda, Lars and Remy, Miriam and et al.}, year={2021} }' chicago: Antel, Jochen, Susanne Tan, Marvin Grabler, Christine Ludwig, Dominik Lohkemper, Tim Brandenburg, Nikolaus Barth, et al. “Rapid Amelioration of Anorexia Nervosa in a Male Adolescent during Metreleptin Treatment Including Recovery from Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7. ieee: 'J. Antel et al., “Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7.' mla: Antel, Jochen, et al. “Rapid Amelioration of Anorexia Nervosa in a Male Adolescent during Metreleptin Treatment Including Recovery from Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021, doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7. short: J. Antel, S. Tan, M. Grabler, C. Ludwig, D. Lohkemper, T. Brandenburg, N. Barth, A. Hinney, L. Libuda, M. Remy, G. Milos, J. Hebebrand, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2021). date_created: 2021-10-19T09:53:53Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:21Z department: - _id: '35' - _id: '22' - _id: '395' doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7 language: - iso: eng publication: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry publication_identifier: issn: - 1018-8827 - 1435-165X publication_status: published status: public title: Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism type: journal_article user_id: '49428' year: '2021' ... --- _id: '27522' author: - first_name: Manuel full_name: Föcker, Manuel last_name: Föcker - first_name: Jochen full_name: Antel, Jochen last_name: Antel - first_name: Stefanie full_name: Ring, Stefanie last_name: Ring - first_name: Denise full_name: Hahn, Denise last_name: Hahn - first_name: Özlem full_name: Kanal, Özlem last_name: Kanal - first_name: Dana full_name: Öztürk, Dana last_name: Öztürk - first_name: Johannes full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes last_name: Hebebrand - first_name: Lars full_name: Libuda, Lars id: '88682' last_name: Libuda orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133 citation: ama: Föcker M, Antel J, Ring S, et al. Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Published online 2017:1043-1066. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3 apa: Föcker, M., Antel, J., Ring, S., Hahn, D., Kanal, Ö., Öztürk, D., Hebebrand, J., & Libuda, L. (2017). Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3 bibtex: '@article{Föcker_Antel_Ring_Hahn_Kanal_Öztürk_Hebebrand_Libuda_2017, title={Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents}, DOI={10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3}, journal={European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry}, author={Föcker, Manuel and Antel, Jochen and Ring, Stefanie and Hahn, Denise and Kanal, Özlem and Öztürk, Dana and Hebebrand, Johannes and Libuda, Lars}, year={2017}, pages={1043–1066} }' chicago: Föcker, Manuel, Jochen Antel, Stefanie Ring, Denise Hahn, Özlem Kanal, Dana Öztürk, Johannes Hebebrand, and Lars Libuda. “Vitamin D and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017, 1043–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3. ieee: 'M. Föcker et al., “Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents,” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, pp. 1043–1066, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3.' mla: Föcker, Manuel, et al. “Vitamin D and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017, pp. 1043–66, doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3. short: M. Föcker, J. Antel, S. Ring, D. Hahn, Ö. Kanal, D. Öztürk, J. Hebebrand, L. Libuda, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2017) 1043–1066. date_created: 2021-11-17T11:04:55Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:40Z department: - _id: '35' - _id: '22' - _id: '395' doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3 language: - iso: eng page: 1043-1066 publication: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry publication_identifier: issn: - 1018-8827 - 1435-165X publication_status: published status: public title: Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents type: journal_article user_id: '49428' year: '2017' ...