---
_id: '45807'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>Occupational health interventions for leaders are underrepresented
    in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). When creating and developing effective
    occupational health interventions, identification of the specific needs of the
    target group is regarded as an essential step before planning an intervention.
    Therefore, the aim of this study was (1) to examine the subjectively experienced
    work-related stressors of leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological
    services enterprises, (2) to explore coping behaviors leaders use to deal with
    the experienced work-related stressors, (3) to investigate resources supporting
    the coping process and (4) to identify potentially self-perceived consequences
    resulting from the experienced stressors.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>Ten
    semi-structured interviews with leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological
    services enterprises were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed
    with content-structuring qualitative content analysis in accordance to Kuckartz.</jats:p>\r\n
    \             </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>Leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological
    services enterprises experience various stressors caused by work organization
    as well as industry-related stressors and other work-related stressors. To address
    the experienced stressors, leaders apply problem focused coping behaviors (e.g.
    performing changes on structural and personal level), emotional focused coping
    behaviors (e.g. balancing activities, cognitive restructuring) as well as the
    utilization of social support. Helpful resources for the coping process include
    organizational, social and personal resources. As a result of the experienced
    work-related stressors, interviewees stated to experience different health impairments,
    negative effects on work quality as well as neglect of leisure activities and
    lack of time for family and friends.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>The
    identified experienced work-related stressors, applied coping behaviors, utilized
    resources and emerging consequences underpin the urgent need for the development
    and performance of health-oriented leadership interventions for leaders in small
    and medium- sized IT and technological services. The results of this study can
    be used when designing a target-oriented intervention for the examined target
    group.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec>"
article_number: '700'
author:
- first_name: Indra
  full_name: Dannheim, Indra
  last_name: Dannheim
- first_name: Anette
  full_name: Buyken, Anette
  id: '65985'
  last_name: Buyken
- first_name: Anja
  full_name: Kroke, Anja
  last_name: Kroke
citation:
  ama: Dannheim I, Buyken A, Kroke A. Work-related stressors and coping behaviors
    among leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological services enterprises.
    <i>BMC Public Health</i>. 2023;23(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>
  apa: Dannheim, I., Buyken, A., &#38; Kroke, A. (2023). Work-related stressors and
    coping behaviors among leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological
    services enterprises. <i>BMC Public Health</i>, <i>23</i>(1), Article 700. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Dannheim_Buyken_Kroke_2023, title={Work-related stressors and
    coping behaviors among leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological
    services enterprises}, volume={23}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>},
    number={1700}, journal={BMC Public Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC}, author={Dannheim, Indra and Buyken, Anette and Kroke, Anja}, year={2023}
    }'
  chicago: Dannheim, Indra, Anette Buyken, and Anja Kroke. “Work-Related Stressors
    and Coping Behaviors among Leaders in Small and Medium-Sized IT and Technological
    Services Enterprises.” <i>BMC Public Health</i> 23, no. 1 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>.
  ieee: 'I. Dannheim, A. Buyken, and A. Kroke, “Work-related stressors and coping
    behaviors among leaders in small and medium-sized IT and technological services
    enterprises,” <i>BMC Public Health</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, Art. no. 700, 2023, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>.'
  mla: Dannheim, Indra, et al. “Work-Related Stressors and Coping Behaviors among
    Leaders in Small and Medium-Sized IT and Technological Services Enterprises.”
    <i>BMC Public Health</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, 700, Springer Science and Business Media
    LLC, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3">10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3</a>.
  short: I. Dannheim, A. Buyken, A. Kroke, BMC Public Health 23 (2023).
date_created: 2023-06-28T09:23:37Z
date_updated: 2023-06-28T09:24:17Z
department:
- _id: '22'
doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15581-3
intvolume: '        23'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Public Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
language:
- iso: eng
publication: BMC Public Health
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1471-2458
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Work-related stressors and coping behaviors among leaders in small and medium-sized
  IT and technological services enterprises
type: journal_article
user_id: '92491'
volume: 23
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '33385'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>In Sub-Saharan African countries, rapid urbanization and
    increasing socio-economic status are associated with a transition to decreased
    physical activity (PA). A more sedentary lifestyle is linked to increased body
    fat leading to increments in leptin levels. Since rodent and human studies in
    high-income countries have shown that starvation-induced hypoleptinemia triggers
    high PA, efforts are warranted to pursue the hypothesis that low leptin levels
    in lean children of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are also associated
    with high PA.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we assessed seven-day PA
    with triaxial accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X) among 223 primary school children
    (9 to 12 years of age) in rural Tanzania. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total
    accelerometer counts per day were outcome variables. Leptin was determined using
    enzyme linked immunosorbent assay tests from dried blood spots. Anthropometric
    assessments were conducted and food insecurity and socio-demographic data were
    gathered using semi-structured interviews.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>In
    this sample of school children in rural Tanzania, leptin concentrations (median:
    0.91 ng/mL, P25: 0.55, P75: 1.69), body mass index z-scores (median: -1.35, P25:
    -1.93, P75: -0.82), and height-for-age-z-scores (median: -1.16, P25: -1.96, P75:
    -0.61) were low. In contrast, PA levels were high with a median MVPA time of 119 min/day.
    Linear regression confirmed that leptin levels were negatively associated with
    MVPA (beta: -18.1; 95%CI: -29.7; -6.5; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002) and
    total accelerometer counts (beta: -90,256; 95%CI: -154,146; -26,365; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.006).
    Children residing in areas with better infrastructure had lower MVPA levels (<jats:italic>p </jats:italic>&lt; 0.001)
    and tended to have higher leptin levels (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.062)
    than children residing in areas only reachable via dirt roads.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>Our
    cross-sectional field study is the first that supports the hypothesis of low leptin
    levels as a potential endocrine trigger of high PA in lean children of a LMIC.
    We observed early signs of a PA transition towards a less active lifestyle in
    a subgroup residing in areas with better infrastructure that concomitantly tended
    to have higher leptin concentrations. Considering that area-dependent PA differences
    were more pronounced among girls than boys, whereas differences in leptin levels
    were less pronounced, not only biological, but also external factors explain PA
    transition.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec>"
article_number: '933'
author:
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Ludwig, Christine
  last_name: Ludwig
- first_name: Nadja
  full_name: Knoll-Pientka, Nadja
  last_name: Knoll-Pientka
- first_name: Akwilina
  full_name: Mwanri, Akwilina
  last_name: Mwanri
- first_name: Celina
  full_name: Erfle, Celina
  last_name: Erfle
- first_name: Vincent
  full_name: Onywera, Vincent
  last_name: Onywera
- first_name: Mark S.
  full_name: Tremblay, Mark S.
  last_name: Tremblay
- first_name: Judith
  full_name: Bühlmeier, Judith
  id: '89838'
  last_name: Bühlmeier
- first_name: Agnes
  full_name: Luzak, Agnes
  last_name: Luzak
- first_name: Maike
  full_name: Ferland, Maike
  last_name: Ferland
- first_name: Holger
  full_name: Schulz, Holger
  last_name: Schulz
- first_name: Lars
  full_name: Libuda, Lars
  id: '88682'
  last_name: Libuda
  orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes
  last_name: Hebebrand
citation:
  ama: Ludwig C, Knoll-Pientka N, Mwanri A, et al. Low leptin levels are associated
    with elevated physical activity among lean school children in rural Tanzania.
    <i>BMC Public Health</i>. 2022;22(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>
  apa: Ludwig, C., Knoll-Pientka, N., Mwanri, A., Erfle, C., Onywera, V., Tremblay,
    M. S., Bühlmeier, J., Luzak, A., Ferland, M., Schulz, H., Libuda, L., &#38; Hebebrand,
    J. (2022). Low leptin levels are associated with elevated physical activity among
    lean school children in rural Tanzania. <i>BMC Public Health</i>, <i>22</i>(1),
    Article 933. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Ludwig_Knoll-Pientka_Mwanri_Erfle_Onywera_Tremblay_Bühlmeier_Luzak_Ferland_Schulz_et
    al._2022, title={Low leptin levels are associated with elevated physical activity
    among lean school children in rural Tanzania}, volume={22}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>},
    number={1933}, journal={BMC Public Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC}, author={Ludwig, Christine and Knoll-Pientka, Nadja and Mwanri, Akwilina
    and Erfle, Celina and Onywera, Vincent and Tremblay, Mark S. and Bühlmeier, Judith
    and Luzak, Agnes and Ferland, Maike and Schulz, Holger and et al.}, year={2022}
    }'
  chicago: Ludwig, Christine, Nadja Knoll-Pientka, Akwilina Mwanri, Celina Erfle,
    Vincent Onywera, Mark S. Tremblay, Judith Bühlmeier, et al. “Low Leptin Levels
    Are Associated with Elevated Physical Activity among Lean School Children in Rural
    Tanzania.” <i>BMC Public Health</i> 22, no. 1 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Ludwig <i>et al.</i>, “Low leptin levels are associated with elevated
    physical activity among lean school children in rural Tanzania,” <i>BMC Public
    Health</i>, vol. 22, no. 1, Art. no. 933, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>.'
  mla: Ludwig, Christine, et al. “Low Leptin Levels Are Associated with Elevated Physical
    Activity among Lean School Children in Rural Tanzania.” <i>BMC Public Health</i>,
    vol. 22, no. 1, 933, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9">10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9</a>.
  short: C. Ludwig, N. Knoll-Pientka, A. Mwanri, C. Erfle, V. Onywera, M.S. Tremblay,
    J. Bühlmeier, A. Luzak, M. Ferland, H. Schulz, L. Libuda, J. Hebebrand, BMC Public
    Health 22 (2022).
date_created: 2022-09-15T09:21:56Z
date_updated: 2022-10-27T08:37:03Z
department:
- _id: '35'
- _id: '17'
doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12949-9
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        22'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Public Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
language:
- iso: eng
publication: BMC Public Health
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1471-2458
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Low leptin levels are associated with elevated physical activity among lean
  school children in rural Tanzania
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 22
year: '2022'
...