[{"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In child–robot interaction (cHRI) research, many studies pursue the goal to develop interactive systems that can be applied in everyday settings. For early education, increasingly, the setting of a kindergarten is targeted. However, when cHRI and research are brought into a kindergarten, a range of ethical and related procedural aspects have to be considered and dealt with. While ethical models elaborated within other human–robot interaction settings, e.g., assisted living contexts, can provide some important indicators for relevant issues, we argue that it is important to start developing a systematic approach to identify and tackle those ethical issues which rise with cHRI in kindergarten settings on a more global level and address the impact of the technology from a macroperspective beyond the effects on the individual. Based on our experience in conducting studies with children in general and pedagogical considerations on the role of the institution of kindergarten in specific, in this paper, we enfold some relevant aspects that have barely been addressed in an explicit way in current cHRI research. Four areas are analyzed and key ethical issues are identified in each area: (1) the institutional setting of a kindergarten, (2) children as a vulnerable group, (3) the caregivers’ role, and (4) pedagogical concepts. With our considerations, we aim at (i) broadening the methodology of the current studies within the area of cHRI, (ii) revalidate it based on our comprehensive empirical experience with research in kindergarten settings, both laboratory and real-world contexts, and (iii) provide a framework for the development of a more systematic approach to address the ethical issues in cHRI research within kindergarten settings.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","publication":"International Journal of Social Robotics","citation":{"ama":"Tolksdorf NF, Siebert S, Zorn I, Horwath I, Rohlfing KJ. Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>. Published online 2021:129-140. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>","bibtex":"@article{Tolksdorf_Siebert_Zorn_Horwath_Rohlfing_2021, title={Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>}, journal={International Journal of Social Robotics}, author={Tolksdorf, Nils Frederik and Siebert, Scarlet and Zorn, Isabel and Horwath, Ilona and Rohlfing, Katharina J.}, year={2021}, pages={129–140} }","mla":"Tolksdorf, Nils Frederik, et al. “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 2021, pp. 129–40, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>.","chicago":"Tolksdorf, Nils Frederik, Scarlet Siebert, Isabel Zorn, Ilona Horwath, and Katharina J. Rohlfing. “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 2021, 129–40. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>.","short":"N.F. Tolksdorf, S. Siebert, I. Zorn, I. Horwath, K.J. Rohlfing, International Journal of Social Robotics (2021) 129–140.","apa":"Tolksdorf, N. F., Siebert, S., Zorn, I., Horwath, I., &#38; Rohlfing, K. J. (2021). Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 129–140. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>","ieee":"N. F. Tolksdorf, S. Siebert, I. Zorn, I. Horwath, and K. J. Rohlfing, “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective,” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, pp. 129–140, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>."},"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"749"}],"date_created":"2021-09-23T11:03:50Z","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-05-03T08:24:33Z","status":"public","title":"Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective","year":"2021","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"]},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-6093-1219","first_name":"Nils Frederik","last_name":"Tolksdorf","full_name":"Tolksdorf, Nils Frederik","id":"43289"},{"first_name":"Scarlet","last_name":"Siebert","full_name":"Siebert, Scarlet"},{"full_name":"Zorn, Isabel","last_name":"Zorn","first_name":"Isabel"},{"first_name":"Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","id":"68836"},{"id":"50352","first_name":"Katharina J.","last_name":"Rohlfing","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina J."}],"user_id":"68836","doi":"10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3","page":"129-140","_id":"24901","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"ddc":["300"],"user_id":"14931","_id":"24458","page":"129-140","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Tolksdorf, Nils F., et al. “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 2020, pp. 129–40, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Tolksdorf_Siebert_Zorn_Horwath_Rohlfing_2020, title={Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>}, journal={International Journal of Social Robotics}, author={Tolksdorf, Nils F. and Siebert, Scarlet and Zorn, Isabel and Horwath, Ilona and Rohlfing, Katharina J.}, year={2020}, pages={129–140} }","ama":"Tolksdorf NF, Siebert S, Zorn I, Horwath I, Rohlfing KJ. Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>. Published online 2020:129-140. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>","ieee":"N. F. Tolksdorf, S. Siebert, I. Zorn, I. Horwath, and K. J. Rohlfing, “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective,” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, pp. 129–140, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>.","apa":"Tolksdorf, N. F., Siebert, S., Zorn, I., Horwath, I., &#38; Rohlfing, K. J. (2020). Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 129–140. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>","chicago":"Tolksdorf, Nils F., Scarlet Siebert, Isabel Zorn, Ilona Horwath, and Katharina J. Rohlfing. “Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, 2020, 129–40. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3</a>.","short":"N.F. Tolksdorf, S. Siebert, I. Zorn, I. Horwath, K.J. Rohlfing, International Journal of Social Robotics (2020) 129–140."},"file_date_updated":"2021-09-14T20:56:41Z","doi":"10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-02-01T12:16:11Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Tolksdorf, Nils F.","first_name":"Nils F.","last_name":"Tolksdorf"},{"full_name":"Siebert, Scarlet","first_name":"Scarlet","last_name":"Siebert"},{"full_name":"Zorn, Isabel","last_name":"Zorn","first_name":"Isabel"},{"first_name":"Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona"},{"full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina J.","last_name":"Rohlfing","first_name":"Katharina J.","id":"50352"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1875-4791","1875-4805"]},"year":"2020","title":"Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective","department":[{"_id":"603"},{"_id":"749"}],"keyword":["Robot ethics · Kindergarten settings · Child–robot interaction · Early childhood education"],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-09-14T20:55:57Z","file":[{"creator":"innem","date_created":"2021-09-14T20:56:41Z","date_updated":"2021-09-14T20:56:41Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"closed","file_size":489035,"file_name":"Tolksdorf_etal_2020.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_id":"24459"}],"abstract":[{"text":"In child–robot interaction (cHRI) research, many studies pursue the goal to develop interactive systems that can be applied in everyday settings. For early education, increasingly, the setting of a kindergarten is targeted. However, when cHRI and research are brought into a kindergarten, a range of ethical and related procedural aspects have to be considered and dealt with.While ethical models elaborated within other human–robot interaction settings, e.g., assisted living contexts, can provide some important indicators for relevant issues, we argue that it is important to start developing a systematic approach to identify and tackle those ethical issues which rise with cHRI in kindergarten settings on a more global level and address the impact of the technology from a macroperspective beyond the effects on the individual. Based on our experience in conducting studies with children in general and pedagogical considerations on the role of the institution of kindergarten in specific, in this paper,we enfold some relevant aspects that have barely been addressed in an explicit way in current cHRI research. Four areas are analyzed and key ethical issues are identified in each area: (1) the institutional setting of a kindergarten, (2) children as a vulnerable group, (3) the caregivers’ role, and (4) pedagogical concepts. With our considerations, we aim at (i) broadening\r\nthe methodology of the current studies within the area of cHRI, (ii) revalidate it based on our comprehensive empirical\r\nexperience with research in kindergarten settings, both laboratory and real-world contexts, and (iii) provide a framework for the development of a more systematic approach to address the ethical issues in cHRI research within kindergarten settings.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"status":"public","user_id":"14931","volume":7,"page":"241-252","_id":"17189","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","citation":{"chicago":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, Katharina Rohlfing, Britta Wrede, and Angelo Cangelosi. “Alignment to the Actions of a Robot.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i> 7, no. 2 (2015): 241–52. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>.","short":"A.-L. Vollmer, K. Rohlfing, B. Wrede, A. Cangelosi, International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (2015) 241–252.","ieee":"A.-L. Vollmer, K. Rohlfing, B. Wrede, and A. Cangelosi, “Alignment to the Actions of a Robot,” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 241–252, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>.","apa":"Vollmer, A.-L., Rohlfing, K., Wrede, B., &#38; Cangelosi, A. (2015). Alignment to the Actions of a Robot. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, <i>7</i>(2), 241–252. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>","bibtex":"@article{Vollmer_Rohlfing_Wrede_Cangelosi_2015, title={Alignment to the Actions of a Robot}, volume={7}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Social Robotics}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, author={Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Rohlfing, Katharina and Wrede, Britta and Cangelosi, Angelo}, year={2015}, pages={241–252} }","ama":"Vollmer A-L, Rohlfing K, Wrede B, Cangelosi A. Alignment to the Actions of a Robot. <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>. 2015;7(2):241-252. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>","mla":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, et al. “Alignment to the Actions of a Robot.” <i>International Journal of Social Robotics</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, Springer-Verlag, 2015, pp. 241–52, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0\">10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0</a>."},"date_updated":"2023-02-01T16:07:40Z","intvolume":"         7","title":"Alignment to the Actions of a Robot","year":"2015","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1875-4791"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Anna-Lisa","last_name":"Vollmer","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa"},{"full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","first_name":"Katharina","last_name":"Rohlfing","id":"50352"},{"last_name":"Wrede","first_name":"Britta","full_name":"Wrede, Britta"},{"full_name":"Cangelosi, Angelo","first_name":"Angelo","last_name":"Cangelosi"}],"doi":"10.1007/s12369-014-0252-0","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Alignment is a phenomenon observed in human conversation: Dialog partners' behavior converges in many respects. Such alignment has been proposed to be automatic and the basis for communicating successfully. Recent research on human-computer dialog promotes a mediated communicative design account of alignment according to which the extent of alignment is influenced by interlocutors' beliefs about each other. Our work aims at adding to these findings in two ways. (a) Our work investigates alignment of manual actions, instead of lexical choice. (b) Participants interact with the iCub humanoid robot, instead of an artificial computer dialog system. Our results confirm that alignment also takes place in the domain of actions. We were not able to replicate the results of the original study in general in this setting, but in accordance with its findings, participants with a high questionnaire score for emotional stability and participants who are familiar with robots align their actions more to a robot they believe to be basic than to one they believe to be advanced. Regarding alignment over the course of an interaction, the extent of alignment seems to remain constant, when participants believe the robot to be advanced, but it increases over time, when participants believe the robot to be a basic version."}],"issue":"2","publication":"International Journal of Social Robotics","type":"journal_article","keyword":["learning","Human-robot interaction","Alignment","Robot social","Action understanding"],"department":[{"_id":"749"}],"date_created":"2020-06-24T13:01:06Z"}]