@article{24901,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In child–robot interaction (cHRI) research, many studies pursue the goal to develop interactive systems that can be applied in everyday settings. For early education, increasingly, the setting of a kindergarten is targeted. However, when cHRI and research are brought into a kindergarten, a range of ethical and related procedural aspects have to be considered and dealt with. While ethical models elaborated within other human–robot interaction settings, e.g., assisted living contexts, can provide some important indicators for relevant issues, we argue that it is important to start developing a systematic approach to identify and tackle those ethical issues which rise with cHRI in kindergarten settings on a more global level and address the impact of the technology from a macroperspective beyond the effects on the individual. Based on our experience in conducting studies with children in general and pedagogical considerations on the role of the institution of kindergarten in specific, in this paper, we enfold some relevant aspects that have barely been addressed in an explicit way in current cHRI research. Four areas are analyzed and key ethical issues are identified in each area: (1) the institutional setting of a kindergarten, (2) children as a vulnerable group, (3) the caregivers’ role, and (4) pedagogical concepts. With our considerations, we aim at (i) broadening the methodology of the current studies within the area of cHRI, (ii) revalidate it based on our comprehensive empirical experience with research in kindergarten settings, both laboratory and real-world contexts, and (iii) provide a framework for the development of a more systematic approach to address the ethical issues in cHRI research within kindergarten settings.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Tolksdorf, Nils Frederik and Siebert, Scarlet and Zorn, Isabel and Horwath, Ilona and Rohlfing, Katharina J.}},
  issn         = {{1875-4791}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics}},
  pages        = {{129--140}},
  title        = {{{Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{24458,
  abstract     = {{In child–robot interaction (cHRI) research, many studies pursue the goal to develop interactive systems that can be applied in everyday settings. For early education, increasingly, the setting of a kindergarten is targeted. However, when cHRI and research are brought into a kindergarten, a range of ethical and related procedural aspects have to be considered and dealt with.While ethical models elaborated within other human–robot interaction settings, e.g., assisted living contexts, can provide some important indicators for relevant issues, we argue that it is important to start developing a systematic approach to identify and tackle those ethical issues which rise with cHRI in kindergarten settings on a more global level and address the impact of the technology from a macroperspective beyond the effects on the individual. Based on our experience in conducting studies with children in general and pedagogical considerations on the role of the institution of kindergarten in specific, in this paper,we enfold some relevant aspects that have barely been addressed in an explicit way in current cHRI research. Four areas are analyzed and key ethical issues are identified in each area: (1) the institutional setting of a kindergarten, (2) children as a vulnerable group, (3) the caregivers’ role, and (4) pedagogical concepts. With our considerations, we aim at (i) broadening
the methodology of the current studies within the area of cHRI, (ii) revalidate it based on our comprehensive empirical
experience with research in kindergarten settings, both laboratory and real-world contexts, and (iii) provide a framework for the development of a more systematic approach to address the ethical issues in cHRI research within kindergarten settings.}},
  author       = {{Tolksdorf, Nils F. and Siebert, Scarlet and Zorn, Isabel and Horwath, Ilona and Rohlfing, Katharina J.}},
  issn         = {{1875-4791}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics}},
  keywords     = {{Robot ethics · Kindergarten settings · Child–robot interaction · Early childhood education}},
  pages        = {{129--140}},
  title        = {{{Ethical Considerations of Applying Robots in Kindergarten Settings: Towards an Approach from a Macroperspective}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-020-00622-3}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{17203,
  author       = {{Salem, Maha and Eyssel, Friederike Anne and Rohlfing, Katharina and Kopp, Stefan and Joublin, Frank}},
  issn         = {{1875-4805}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{313--323}},
  publisher    = {{Springer }},
  title        = {{{To err is human (-like): Effects of robot gesture on perceived anthropomorphism and likeability}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-013-0196-9}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}

@article{17225,
  abstract     = {{How is communicative gesture behavior in robots perceived by humans? Although gesture is crucial in social interaction, this research question is still largely unexplored in the field of social robotics. Thus, the main objective of the present work is to investigate how gestural machine behaviors can be used to design more natural communication in social robots. The chosen approach is twofold. Firstly, the technical challenges encountered when implementing a speech-gesture generation model on a robotic platform are tackled. We present a framework that enables the humanoid robot to flexibly produce synthetic speech and co-verbal hand and arm gestures at run-time, while not being limited to a predefined repertoire of motor actions. Secondly, the achieved flexibility in robot gesture is exploited in controlled experiments. To gain a deeper understanding of how communicative robot gesture might impact and shape human perception and evaluation of human-robot interaction, we conducted a between-subjects experimental study using the humanoid robot in a joint task scenario. We manipulated the non-verbal behaviors of the robot in three experimental conditions, so that it would refer to objects by utilizing either (1) unimodal (i.e., speech only) utterances, (2) congruent multimodal (i.e., semantically matching speech and gesture) or (3) incongruent multimodal (i.e., semantically non-matching speech and gesture) utterances. Our findings reveal that the robot is evaluated more positively when non-verbal behaviors such as hand and arm gestures are displayed along with speech, even if they do not semantically match the spoken utterance.}},
  author       = {{Salem, Maha and Kopp, Stefan and Wachsmuth, Ipke and Rohlfing, Katharina and Joublin, Frank}},
  issn         = {{1875-4805}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics, Special Issue on Expectations, Intentions, and Actions}},
  keywords     = {{Social Human-Robot Interaction, Multimodal Interaction and Conversational Skills, Robot Companions and Social Robots, Non-verbal Cues and Expressiveness}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{201--217}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science + Business Media}},
  title        = {{{Generation and evaluation of communicative robot gesture}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-011-0124-9}},
  volume       = {{4}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@article{17428,
  abstract     = {{How is communicative gesture behavior in robots perceived by humans? Although gesture is crucial in social interaction, this research question is still largely unexplored in the field of social robotics. Thus, the main objective of the present work is to investigate how gestural machine behaviors can be used to design more natural communication in social robots. The chosen approach is twofold. Firstly, the technical challenges encountered when implementing a speech-gesture generation model on a robotic platform are tackled. We present a framework that enables the humanoid robot to flexibly produce synthetic speech and co-verbal hand and arm gestures at run-time, while not being limited to a predefined repertoire of motor actions. Secondly, the achieved flexibility in robot gesture is exploited in controlled experiments. To gain a deeper understanding of how communicative robot gesture might impact and shape human perception and evaluation of human-robot interaction, we conducted a between-subjects experimental study using the humanoid robot in a joint task scenario. We manipulated the non-verbal behaviors of the robot in three experimental conditions, so that it would refer to objects by utilizing either (1) unimodal (i.e., speech only) utterances, (2) congruent multimodal (i.e., semantically matching speech and gesture) or (3) incongruent multimodal (i.e., semantically non-matching speech and gesture) utterances. Our findings reveal that the robot is evaluated more positively when non-verbal behaviors such as hand and arm gestures are displayed along with speech, even if they do not semantically match the spoken utterance.}},
  author       = {{Salem, Maha and Kopp, Stefan and Wachsmuth, Ipke and Rohlfing, Katharina and Joublin, Frank}},
  issn         = {{1875-4805}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics, Special Issue on Expectations, Intentions, and Actions}},
  keywords     = {{Social Human-Robot Interaction, Multimodal Interaction and Conversational Skills, Robot Companions and Social Robots, Non-verbal Cues and Expressiveness}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{201--217}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science + Business Media}},
  title        = {{{Generation and evaluation of communicative robot gesture}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-011-0124-9}},
  volume       = {{4}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@article{17216,
  author       = {{Lohan, Katrin Solveig and Rohlfing, Katharina and Pitsch, Karola and Saunders, Joe and Lehmann, Hagen and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L. and Fischer, Kerstin and Wrede, Britta}},
  issn         = {{1875-4805}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Social Robotics}},
  keywords     = {{Social Robots, Contingency}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{131--146}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science + Business Media}},
  title        = {{{Tutor spotter: Proposing a feature set and evaluating it in a robotic system}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12369-011-0125-8}},
  volume       = {{4}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}