@article{58438,
  abstract     = {{This study presents a numerical approach using a 3D finite element model to quantify the remaining clamp load of a plastic nut joint after a specific time. The viscoelastic relaxation of a thermoplastic nut, which is predominantly screwed on a welding stud, is described by a material card using Prony Series. Prony Series are derived from experimental dynamical mechanical analysis with different moisture and fiber contents of the thermoplastic. Since plastic nuts usually do not have preformed threads, the increased temperatures and resulting stresses from the thread-forming process are considered in the simulation. An FE model is created and verified by substrate stress relaxation tests. Experimental clamp load measurements with miniature compression load cells verify the clamp load prediction and show a good agreement. The developed model is used to analyze the clamp load distribution within the threads and reveals an almost even distribution within the threads.}},
  author       = {{Wippermann, Jan and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Numerical modeling of clamp load relaxation of plastic nuts under varying moisture and fiber contents}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-025-01928-4}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{58454,
  abstract     = {{Powertrain concepts incorporating renewable energies are an essential element of the energy revolution and increasingly require efficient manufacturing processes for electronic systems. Particularly, the joining of structures to be thermally coupled, such as the battery modules and the thermal management system (TMS), poses new challenges in process design. Factors that limit the process include the increased density, viscosity, and abrasiveness of thermal pastes as well as the pressure sensitivity of battery modules. The research presented aims to systematically investigate the influences of joining parameters on flow behavior, the formation of air inclusions, and the occurring joining forces to understand and systematically optimize the joining process. Employing a test setup following the Closing-Hele-Shaw-Cell, the influence of specific process parameters on the joining process such as the joining speed, joining gap, application pattern, and temperature was investigated for a silicone- and a polyurethane-based thermally conductive paste. The results indicate a high dependency of both the ensuing joining forces and the flow behavior on the parameters investigated. These insights imply a potential systematic parameter optimization and the specific adaptation of the joining process to improve flow behavior and reduce compressive stresses. This can ensure lower component deformations and qualify the process for the employment of cell types with a higher power density, a reduced encapsulation, and lower stiffness while at the same time improving production rates.}},
  author       = {{Gilich, Julian and Teutenberg, Dominik and Meschut, Gerson and Gröger, B. and Wiebicke, F. and Koch, I. and Gude, M.}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Effects of various process parameters in the joining process on the squeeze flow of highly viscous thermal interface materials}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-025-01929-3}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{43154,
  author       = {{Wippermann, Jan and Meschut, Gerson and Koshukow, Wikentij and Liebsch, Alexander and Gude, Maik and Minch, Steven and Kolbe, Björn}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Correction: Thermal influence of resistance spot welding on a nearby overmolded thermoplastic–metal joint}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-023-01499-2}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{39057,
  author       = {{Wippermann, Jan and Meschut, Gerson and Koschukow, Wikentji and Liebsch, Alexander and Gude, Maik and Minch, Steven and Kolbe, Björn}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Thermal influence of resistance spot welding on a nearby overmolded thermoplastic–metal joint}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-023-01465-y}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{33090,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Heated tool butt welding is a method often used for joining thermoplastics, especially when the components are made out of different materials. The quality of the connection between the components crucially depends on a suitable choice of the parameters of the welding process, such as heating time, temperature, and the precise way how the parts are then welded. Moreover, when different materials are to be joined, the parameter values need to be tailored to the specifics of the respective material. To this end, in this paper, three approaches to tailor the parameter values to optimize the quality of the connection are compared: a heuristic by Potente, statistical experimental design, and Bayesian optimization. With the suitability for practice in mind, a series of experiments are carried out with these approaches, and their capabilities of proposing well-performing parameter values are investigated. As a result, Bayesian optimization is found to yield peak performance, but the costs for optimization are substantial. In contrast, the Potente heuristic does not require any experimentation and recommends parameter values with competitive quality.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gevers, Karina and Tornede, Alexander and Wever, Marcel Dominik and Schöppner, Volker and Hüllermeier, Eyke}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{A comparison of heuristic, statistical, and machine learning methods for heated tool butt welding of two different materials}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-022-01339-9}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{23867,
  abstract     = {{The joining of plastics is required because component geometries are severely restricted in conventional manufacturing processes such as injection molding or extrusion. In addition to established processes such as hot plate welding, infrared welding, or vibration welding, hot gas butt welding is becoming more and more important industrially due to its advantages. The main benefits are the contactless heating process, the suitability for glass fiber reinforced, and high-temperature plastics as well as complex component geometries. However, various degradation phenomena can occur during the heating process used for economic reasons, due to the presence of oxygen in the air and to the high gas temperatures. In addition, the current patent situation suggests that welding with an oxidizing gas is not permissible depending on the material. On the other hand, however, there is experience from extrusion welding, with which long-term resistant weld seams can be produced using air. Investigations have shown that the same weld seam properties can be achieved with polypropylene using either air or nitrogen as the process gas. Experimental investigations have now been carried out on the suitability of different gases with regard to the weld seam quality when welding polyamides, which are generally regarded as more prone to oxidation. The results show that weld strengths are higher when nitrogen is used as process gas. However, equal weld strengths can be achieved with air and nitrogen when the material contains heat stabilizers.}},
  author       = {{Bialaschik, Max and Schöppner, Volker and Albrecht, Mirko and Gehde, Michael}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{1161--1169}},
  title        = {{{Influence of material degradation on weld seam quality in hot gas butt welding of polyamides}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-021-01108-0}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{43160,
  abstract     = {{Refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) is a highly flexible and promising solid-state joining method for aluminium alloys. Alternatively, resistance spot welding (RSW) can be stated as an appropriate joining method which can be automated and used within a high-volume production due to short process times. Both processes do not need any additional elements and a flat surface on both sides of the joints can be realised. In order to meet the modern requirements for crash safety and structural stiffness, thermal and mechanical joining methods are mainly combined by using single-component epoxy resin adhesives. Due to an insufficient knowledge about the application of both thermal joining methods for the abovementioned material combinations combined with additional adhesives, deeper investigations were done regarding the interactions of the polymers and the joining processes. Starting with a brief presentation of the boundary conditions of the investigations and the refill friction stir spot welding and resistance spot welding of high-strength aluminium alloys with sheet thicknesses bigger than 5.8 mm, the paper introduces the process-related joint properties of friction-based and resistance-based welded joints. Afterwards, the paper discusses the influences of the process parameter on the metallographic joint formation and load-bearing capacities for a selected two-sheet and four-sheet material combination. When combining the spot welding technologies with adhesives, the process parameters of the RFSSW process have to be adapted for the two-sheet combination by adding a squeeze-out step, while for RSW, just the preholding time has to be increased. Different challenges for both joining methods are shown. For RFSSW, the gap formation has to be considered when welding big total sheet thicknesses, while for RSW, the shape of the weld nugget is more important for an appropriate joint performance. Additionally, process optimisations for less adhesive incineration will be discussed for both joining processes, and the influences of the adhesive on the joint formation will be addressed with the help of load-bearing capacity evaluations. The paper closes with specific recommendations for the realisation of refill friction stir and resistance spot-welded joints with and without adhesive in the field of Al joints with big total sheet thicknesses which meet the quality demands and an outlook for further research steps will be given.}},
  author       = {{Schmal, Christopher and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{9}},
  pages        = {{1471--1480}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Refill friction stir spot and resistance spot welding of aluminium joints with large total sheet thicknesses (III-1965-19)}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-020-00922-2}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{43161,
  author       = {{Schmal, Christopher and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{437--448}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Process characteristics and influences of production-related disturbances in resistance element welding of hybrid materials with steel cover sheets and polymer core}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-019-00842-w}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{25748,
  author       = {{Moritzer, Elmar and Hirsch, André and Heim, H.-P.  and Cherif, C.  and Truemper, W.}},
  issn         = {{1878-6669}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{867--873}},
  title        = {{{Plastic droplet welding: bond strength between plastic freeforming structures and continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites}}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{23844,
  author       = {{Bürenhaus, Franziska Isabelle and Moritzer, Elmar and Hirsch, André}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{1819--1832}},
  title        = {{{Adhesive bonding of FDM-manufactured parts made of ULTEM 9085 considering surface treatment, surface structure, and joint design}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-019-00810-4}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{43163,
  author       = {{Schmal, Christopher and Meschut, Gerson and Buhl, Nico}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{541--550}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Joining of high strength aluminum alloys by refill friction stir spot welding (III-1854-18)}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-018-00690-0}},
  volume       = {{63}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{19742,
  author       = {{Ditter, Jan and Wünsche, Marc and Meschut, Gerson and Wibbeke, Tim Michael}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{237--247}},
  title        = {{{Mechanical properties of repair welded joints for automobile body structures}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-018-0651-1}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{20289,
  author       = {{Ivanjko, Martin and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{97--106}},
  title        = {{{Innovative joining technology for multi-material applications with high manganese steels in lightweight car body structures}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-018-0648-9}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{19755,
  author       = {{Meyer, Sebastian and Meschut, Gerson and Vogt, Hendrik and Behrens, Bernd-Arno and Hübner, Sven and Neumann, André}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{565--574}},
  title        = {{{Application of self-piercing nuts during hot forming of 22MNB5}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-018-00688-8}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{24523,
  author       = {{Moritzer, Elmar and Hopp, Matthias}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  pages        = {{1029--1038}},
  title        = {{{Bonding of wood-plastic composites (WPC)—material and surface modification for special applications}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-017-0487-0}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{27226,
  author       = {{Schöppner, Volker and Lakemeyer, P.}},
  issn         = {{1878-6669}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  number       = {{Onlineausgabe}},
  pages        = {{589--602}},
  title        = {{{Laser Transmission Welding of Automotive Head Lamps without Clamping Tool}}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{27227,
  author       = {{Schöppner, Volker and Lakemeyer, P. and Bates, P. and Zazoum, B. and Zak, G. and DuQuesnay, D.}},
  issn         = {{1878-6669}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  number       = {{Onlineausgabe}},
  pages        = {{1247--1252}},
  title        = {{{Matching of Laser Intensity Distribution for Laser Transmission Welding of Thermoplastics}}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{43364,
  author       = {{Meschut, Gerson and Schmal, Christopher and Olfermann, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{435--442}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Process characteristics and load-bearing capacities of joints welded with elements for the application in multi-material design}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-017-0431-3}},
  volume       = {{61}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{43362,
  author       = {{Sartisson, Vadim and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1049--1056}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Self-locking self-pierce riveting: a new self-pierce riveting technology for multi-material applications in lightweight car body structures}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-017-0481-6}},
  volume       = {{61}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{43361,
  author       = {{Nagel, Philipp and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0043-2288}},
  journal      = {{Welding in the World}},
  keywords     = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{215--225}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Combining a high-speed mechanical joining technique with the attachment of functional elements in automotive structures}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40194-017-0528-8}},
  volume       = {{62}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}