TY - JOUR AB - ABSTRACT Background Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the 12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available. Objectives To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data. Methods This edition of the tables lists over 4000 items, a 61% increase in the number of entries compared to the 2008 edition. The data have been separated into 2 lists. The first represents more precise values derived using the methodology recommended by the International Standards Organization (∼2100 items). The second list contains values determined using less robust methods, including using limited numbers of healthy subjects or with a large SEM (∼1900 food items). Results Dairy products, legumes, pasta, and fruits were usually low-GI foods (≤55 on the 100-point glucose scale) and had consistent values around the world. Cereals and cereal products, however, including whole-grain or whole-meal versions, showed wide variation in GI values, presumably arising from variations in manufacturing methods. Breads, breakfast cereals, rice, savory snack products, and regional foods were available in high-, medium-, and low-GI versions. Most varieties of potato were high-GI foods, but specific low-GI varieties have now been identified. Conclusions The availability of new data on the GIs of foods will facilitate wider research and application of the twin concepts of GI and GL. Although the 2021 edition of the tables improves the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice, GI testing of regional foods remains a priority. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as #171204. AU - Atkinson, Fiona S AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C AU - Foster-Powell, Kaye AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Goletzke, Janina ID - 27793 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schwingshackl, Lukas AU - Neuenschwander, Manuela AU - Hoffmann, Georg AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Schlesinger, Sabrina ID - 27803 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Reply to Khan et al. ER - TY - JOUR AB - ABSTRACT Background There is controversy on the relevance of dietary sugar intake for cardiometabolic health. Objective The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to assess how isocaloric substitutions of dietary sugar with other carbohydrates affect cardiometabolic risk factors, comparing different intervention studies. Methods We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the isocaloric effect of substituting dietary sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) with other sugars or starch on cardiometabolic risk markers, including LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TG), fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver fat content. To identify the most beneficial intervention for each outcome, random-effects NMA was conducted by calculating pooled mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs, and by ranking the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs). The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Confidence In Network Meta-Analysis tool. Results Thirty-eight RCTs, including 1383 participants, were identified. A reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations was shown for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.07 mmol/L) or fructose with starch (MD: −0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.39, −0.05 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 98%). FG concentrations were also lower for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.29, 0.01 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 91%). Replacing fructose with an equivalent energy amount of glucose reduced HOMA-IR (MD: −0.36; 95% CI: −0.71, −0.02; SUCRAglucose: 74%) and uric acid (MD: −23.77 µmol/L; 95% CI: −44.21, −3.32 µmol/L; SUCRAglucose: 93%). The certainty of evidence was rated very low to moderate. No significant effects were observed for TG, HbA1c, CRP, ALT, and AST. Conclusions Our findings indicate that substitution of sucrose and fructose with starch yielded lower LDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance and uric acid concentrations were beneficially affected by replacement of fructose with glucose. Our findings are limited by the very low to moderate certainty of evidence. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018080297. AU - Schwingshackl, Lukas AU - Neuenschwander, Manuela AU - Hoffmann, Georg AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Schlesinger, Sabrina ID - 27005 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk factors: a network meta-analysis on isocaloric substitution interventions ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Cheng, Guo AU - Günther, Anke LB AU - Liese, Angela D AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina ID - 26890 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina AU - Günther, Anke AU - Kersting, Mathilde ID - 27715 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Effects of breastfeeding on health outcomes in childhood: beyond dose-response relations ER - TY - JOUR AU - Goletzke, Janina AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Louie, Jimmy CY AU - Moses, Robert G AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C ID - 26919 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Goletzke, Janina AU - Joslowski, Gesa AU - Felbick, Anna AU - Cheng, Guo AU - Herder, Christian AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C ID - 26915 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies ER - TY - JOUR AU - Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C AU - Flood, Victoria M ID - 26909 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - The link between dietary glycemic index and nutrient adequacy ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gopinath, Bamini AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Flood, Victoria M AU - Empson, Marianne AU - Rochtchina, Elena AU - Mitchell, Paul ID - 27743 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nuts and risk of inflammatory disease mortality ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cheng, Guo AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Prinz-Langenohl, Reinhild AU - Blaszkewicz, Meinolf AU - Degen, Gisela H AU - Buyken, Anette ID - 26902 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Relation of isoflavones and fiber intake in childhood to the timing of puberty ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Flood, Victoria AU - Empson, Marianne AU - Rochtchina, Elena AU - Barclay, Alan W AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie AU - Mitchell, Paul ID - 27009 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Carbohydrate nutrition and inflammatory disease mortality in older adults ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shi, Lijie AU - Wudy, Stefan A AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Hartmann, Michaela F AU - Remer, Thomas ID - 26893 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Body fat and animal protein intakes are associated with adrenal androgen secretion in children ER - TY - JOUR AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Sonntag, Antje AU - Kroke, Anja ID - 26894 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Birth and early life influences on the timing of puberty onset: results from the DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) Study ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Günther, Anke LB AU - Barclay, Alan AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie AU - Schulze, Matthias B ID - 27751 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Glycemic index in overweight development: distinguishing limited evidence from limits in evidence ER - TY - JOUR AU - Karaolis-Danckert, N AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Kulig, M AU - Kroke, A AU - Forster, J AU - Kamin, W AU - Schuster, A AU - Hornberg, C AU - Keil, T AU - Bergmann, RL AU - Wahn, U AU - Lau, S ID - 25938 IS - 5 JF - Am J Clin Nutr SN - 0002-9165 TI - How pre- and postnatal risk factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood on subsequent fat mass development: results from the Multicenter Allergy Study 90. VL - 87 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina AU - Remer, Thomas ID - 26891 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Association of prepubertal body composition in healthy girls and boys with the timing of early and late pubertal markers ER - TY - JOUR AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Alexy, Ute AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Stehle, Peter AU - Schoenau, Eckhard AU - Kersting, Mathilde ID - 27137 JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition SN - 0002-9165 TI - Association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and variables of bone modeling and remodeling in a sample of healthy German children and adolescents ER - TY - JOUR AU - Günther, AL AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Kroke, A ID - 25934 IS - 6 JF - Am J Clin Nutr SN - 0002-9165 TI - Protein intake during the period of complementary feeding and early childhood and the association with body mass index and percentage body fat at 7 y of age. VL - 85 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Trauner, K AU - Günther, AL AU - Kroke, A AU - Remer, T ID - 25935 IS - 4 JF - Am J Clin Nutr SN - 0002-9165 TI - Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children. VL - 86 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Karaolis-Danckert, N AU - Günther, AL AU - Kroke, A AU - Hornberg, C AU - Buyken, Anette ID - 25936 IS - 6 JF - Am J Clin Nutr SN - 0002-9165 TI - How early dietary factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy on subsequent body-composition development in term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age. VL - 86 ER -