[{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar_Tröster_Marten_2025, title={Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency}, volume={18}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">10.3390/ma18030571</a>}, number={3571}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad and Tröster, Thomas and Marten, Thorsten}, year={2025} }","ama":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar D, Tröster T, Marten T. Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency. <i>Materials</i>. 2025;18(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">10.3390/ma18030571</a>","mla":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad, et al. “Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 18, no. 3, 571, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">10.3390/ma18030571</a>.","chicago":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad, Thomas Tröster, and Thorsten Marten. “Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency.” <i>Materials</i> 18, no. 3 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571</a>.","short":"D. Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, T. Tröster, T. Marten, Materials 18 (2025).","ieee":"D. Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, T. Tröster, and T. Marten, “Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 18, no. 3, Art. no. 571, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">10.3390/ma18030571</a>.","apa":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, D., Tröster, T., &#38; Marten, T. (2025). Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency. <i>Materials</i>, <i>18</i>(3), Article 571. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030571</a>"},"oa":"1","status":"public","volume":18,"user_id":"49504","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"58379","abstract":[{"text":"Injection molding plays a pivotal role in modern manufacturing, enabling the mass production of complex components with high precision. However, traditional tooling methods often face challenges related to thermal management, design constraints, and material efficiency. This study examines the use of additive manufacturing (AM) in the development and optimization of injection molding tools to overcome these limitations. A novel prototype was fabricated using AM techniques, incorporating integrated cooling channels and optimized lattice structures to enhance thermal performance and simplify the manufacturing process. Experimental validation demonstrated the prototype’s effective integration into a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VA-LRTM) system without requiring modifications to existing tooling setups. The results showed significant improvements in temperature regulation, reduced cycle times, and consistent mechanical properties of the molded components compared to conventional approaches. By reducing the number of tool components and eliminating the need for support structures during manufacturing, AM also minimized material waste and post-processing requirements. This research highlights the transformative potential of additive manufacturing in injection molding tool design, offering increased flexibility, cost efficiency, and enhanced functionality to meet the evolving demands of modern industrial applications.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Materials","issue":"3","department":[{"_id":"321"},{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"9"}],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2025-01-28T07:46:00Z","article_type":"original","intvolume":"        18","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-03-20T08:46:36Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad","last_name":"Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar","first_name":"Deviprasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3446-2444","id":"49504"},{"id":"553","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas"},{"id":"338","last_name":"Marten","orcid":"0009-0001-6433-7839","first_name":"Thorsten","full_name":"Marten, Thorsten"}],"title":"Optimizing Injection Molding Tool Design with Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Thermal Performance and Process Efficiency","year":"2025","doi":"10.3390/ma18030571","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"571","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/3/571"}]},{"status":"public","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"55762","volume":17,"user_id":"48039","citation":{"ieee":"A. Delp <i>et al.</i>, “Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 17, no. 8, Art. no. 1907, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">10.3390/ma17081907</a>.","apa":"Delp, A., Wu, S., Freund, J., Scholz, R., Löbbecke, M., Tröster, T., Haubrich, J., &#38; Walther, F. (2024). Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP. <i>Materials</i>, <i>17</i>(8), Article 1907. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907</a>","mla":"Delp, Alexander, et al. “Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 17, no. 8, 1907, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">10.3390/ma17081907</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Delp_Wu_Freund_Scholz_Löbbecke_Tröster_Haubrich_Walther_2024, title={Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">10.3390/ma17081907</a>}, number={81907}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Delp, Alexander and Wu, Shuang and Freund, Jonathan and Scholz, Ronja and Löbbecke, Miriam and Tröster, Thomas and Haubrich, Jan and Walther, Frank}, year={2024} }","ama":"Delp A, Wu S, Freund J, et al. Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP. <i>Materials</i>. 2024;17(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">10.3390/ma17081907</a>","short":"A. Delp, S. Wu, J. Freund, R. Scholz, M. Löbbecke, T. Tröster, J. Haubrich, F. Walther, Materials 17 (2024).","chicago":"Delp, Alexander, Shuang Wu, Jonathan Freund, Ronja Scholz, Miriam Löbbecke, Thomas Tröster, Jan Haubrich, and Frank Walther. “Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP.” <i>Materials</i> 17, no. 8 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081907</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Delp, Alexander","last_name":"Delp","first_name":"Alexander"},{"id":"48039","full_name":"Wu, Shuang","orcid":"0000-0001-8645-9952","last_name":"Wu","first_name":"Shuang"},{"full_name":"Freund, Jonathan","last_name":"Freund","first_name":"Jonathan"},{"first_name":"Ronja","last_name":"Scholz","full_name":"Scholz, Ronja"},{"last_name":"Löbbecke","first_name":"Miriam","full_name":"Löbbecke, Miriam"},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas","id":"553"},{"full_name":"Haubrich, Jan","first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Haubrich"},{"last_name":"Walther","first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Walther, Frank"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"title":"Characterization of Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of Hybrid Laminate EN AW-6082 ∪ CFRP","year":"2024","intvolume":"        17","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2025-01-30T12:31:13Z","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"1907","doi":"10.3390/ma17081907","issue":"8","publication":"Materials","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The corrosion behavior of a hybrid laminate consisting of laser-structured aluminum EN AW-6082 ∪ carbon fiber-reinforced polymer was investigated. Specimens were corroded in aqueous NaCl electrolyte (0.1 mol/L) over a period of up to 31 days and characterized continuously by means of scanning electron and light microscopy, supplemented by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Comparative linear sweep voltammetry was employed on the first and seventh day of the corrosion experiment. The influence of different laser morphologies and production process parameters on corrosion behavior was compared. The corrosion reaction mainly arises from the aluminum component and shows distinct differences in long-term corrosion morphology between pure EN AW-6082 and the hybrid laminate. Compared to short-term investigations, a strong influence of galvanic corrosion on the interface is assumed. No distinct influences of different laser structuring and process parameters on the corrosion behavior were detected. Weight measurements suggest a continuous loss of mass attributed to the detachment of corrosion products.</jats:p>"}],"date_created":"2024-08-26T10:48:30Z","department":[{"_id":"321"},{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"9"}],"type":"journal_article"},{"_id":"34225","publisher":"MDPI AG","volume":15,"user_id":"7850","status":"public","citation":{"ieee":"J. Troschitz, B. Gröger, V. Würfel, R. Kupfer, and M. Gude, “Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 15, Art. no. 5454, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">10.3390/ma15155454</a>.","apa":"Troschitz, J., Gröger, B., Würfel, V., Kupfer, R., &#38; Gude, M. (2022). Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(15), Article 5454. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454</a>","chicago":"Troschitz, Juliane, Benjamin Gröger, Veit Würfel, Robert Kupfer, and Maik Gude. “Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 15 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454</a>.","short":"J. Troschitz, B. Gröger, V. Würfel, R. Kupfer, M. Gude, Materials 15 (2022).","mla":"Troschitz, Juliane, et al. “Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 15, 5454, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">10.3390/ma15155454</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Troschitz_Gröger_Würfel_Kupfer_Gude_2022, title={Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">10.3390/ma15155454</a>}, number={155454}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Troschitz, Juliane and Gröger, Benjamin and Würfel, Veit and Kupfer, Robert and Gude, Maik}, year={2022} }","ama":"Troschitz J, Gröger B, Würfel V, Kupfer R, Gude M. Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(15). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155454\">10.3390/ma15155454</a>"},"project":[{"_id":"130","grant_number":"418701707","name":"TRR 285: TRR 285"},{"name":"TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A","_id":"131"},{"name":"TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03","_id":"137"},{"name":"TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C","_id":"133"},{"name":"TRR 285 – C04: TRR 285 - Subproject C04","_id":"148"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"5454","doi":"10.3390/ma15155454","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Troschitz","full_name":"Troschitz, Juliane"},{"last_name":"Gröger","first_name":"Benjamin","full_name":"Gröger, Benjamin"},{"last_name":"Würfel","first_name":"Veit","full_name":"Würfel, Veit"},{"full_name":"Kupfer, Robert","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kupfer"},{"last_name":"Gude","first_name":"Maik","full_name":"Gude, Maik"}],"title":"Joining Processes for Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Phenomena and Characterisation","year":"2022","intvolume":"        15","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2022-12-05T21:54:09Z","date_created":"2022-12-05T21:51:47Z","type":"journal_article","publication":"Materials","issue":"15","abstract":[{"text":"Thermoplastic composites (TPCs) are predestined for use in lightweight structures, especially for high-volume applications. In many cases, joining is a key factor for the successful application of TPCs in multi-material systems. Many joining processes for this material group are based on warm forming the joining zone. This results in a change of the local material structure characterised by modified fibre paths, as well as varying fibre contents, which significantly influences the load-bearing behaviour. During the forming process, many different phenomena occur simultaneously at different scales. In this paper, the deformation modes and flow mechanisms of TPCs during forming described in the literature are first analysed. Based on this, three different joining processes are investigated: embedding of inserts, moulding of contour joints, and hotclinching. In order to identify the phenomena occurring in each process and to describe the characteristic resulting material structure in the joining zones, micrographs as well as computed tomography (CT) analyses are performed for both individual process stages and final joining zones.","lang":"eng"}]},{"type":"journal_article","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"department":[{"_id":"630"}],"date_created":"2022-12-06T20:33:11Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A virtual test setup for investigating single fibres in a transverse shear flow based on a parallel-plate rheometer is presented. The investigations are carried out to verify a numerical representation of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI), where Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are used and evaluated. Both are suitable to simulate flexible solid structures in a transverse shear flow. Comparative investigations with different model setups and increasing complexity are presented. It is shown, that the CFD method with an interface-based coupling approach is not capable of handling small fibre diameters in comparison to large fluid domains due to mesh dependencies at the interface definitions. The ALE method is more suited for this task since fibres are embedded without any mesh restrictions. Element types beam, solid, and discrete are considered for fibre modelling. It is shown that the beam formulation for ALE and 3D solid elements for the CFD method are the preferred options."}],"issue":"20","publication":"Materials","doi":"10.3390/ma15207241","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/20/7241"}],"article_number":"7241","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-01-02T11:06:58Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        15","year":"2022","title":"Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study","author":[{"last_name":"Gröger","first_name":"Benjamin","full_name":"Gröger, Benjamin"},{"full_name":"Wang, Jingjing","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Jingjing"},{"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Bätzel","full_name":"Bätzel, Tim"},{"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Hornig","full_name":"Hornig, Andreas"},{"first_name":"Maik","last_name":"Gude","full_name":"Gude, Maik"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"oa":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 285: TRR 285","grant_number":"418701707","_id":"130"},{"name":"TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A","_id":"131"},{"name":"TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03","_id":"137"}],"citation":{"apa":"Gröger, B., Wang, J., Bätzel, T., Hornig, A., &#38; Gude, M. (2022). Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(20), Article 7241. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241</a>","ieee":"B. Gröger, J. Wang, T. Bätzel, A. Hornig, and M. Gude, “Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 20, Art. no. 7241, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">10.3390/ma15207241</a>.","chicago":"Gröger, Benjamin, Jingjing Wang, Tim Bätzel, Andreas Hornig, and Maik Gude. “Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 20 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241</a>.","short":"B. Gröger, J. Wang, T. Bätzel, A. Hornig, M. Gude, Materials 15 (2022).","mla":"Gröger, Benjamin, et al. “Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 20, 7241, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">10.3390/ma15207241</a>.","ama":"Gröger B, Wang J, Bätzel T, Hornig A, Gude M. Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(20). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">10.3390/ma15207241</a>","bibtex":"@article{Gröger_Wang_Bätzel_Hornig_Gude_2022, title={Modelling and Simulation Strategies for Fluid–Structure-Interactions of Highly Viscous Thermoplastic Melt and Single Fibres—A Numerical Study}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207241\">10.3390/ma15207241</a>}, number={207241}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gröger, Benjamin and Wang, Jingjing and Bätzel, Tim and Hornig, Andreas and Gude, Maik}, year={2022} }"},"user_id":"14931","volume":15,"_id":"34254","publisher":"MDPI AG","status":"public"},{"status":"public","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"32188","user_id":"43720","volume":15,"citation":{"chicago":"Abdelaal, Osama, Florian Hengsbach, Mirko Schaper, and Kay-Peter Hoyer. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 12 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","short":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, K.-P. Hoyer, Materials 15 (2022).","ieee":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, and K.-P. Hoyer, “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 4072, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","apa":"Abdelaal, O., Hengsbach, F., Schaper, M., &#38; Hoyer, K.-P. (2022). LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(12), Article 4072. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>","bibtex":"@article{Abdelaal_Hengsbach_Schaper_Hoyer_2022, title={LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>}, number={124072}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Abdelaal, Osama and Hengsbach, Florian and Schaper, Mirko and Hoyer, Kay-Peter}, year={2022} }","ama":"Abdelaal O, Hengsbach F, Schaper M, Hoyer K-P. LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>","mla":"Abdelaal, Osama, et al. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, 4072, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","title":"LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio","year":"2022","author":[{"first_name":"Osama","last_name":"Abdelaal","full_name":"Abdelaal, Osama"},{"last_name":"Hengsbach","first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Hengsbach, Florian"},{"first_name":"Mirko","last_name":"Schaper","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","id":"43720"},{"id":"48411","full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter","first_name":"Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"date_updated":"2023-04-27T16:34:46Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        15","article_number":"4072","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.3390/ma15124072","issue":"12","publication":"Materials","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>The additive manufacturing (AM) of innovative lattice structures with unique mechanical properties has received widespread attention due to the capability of AM processes to fabricate freeform and intricate structures. The most common way to characterize the additively manufactured lattice structures is via the uniaxial compression test. However, although there are many applications for which lattice structures are designed for bending (e.g., sandwich panels cores and some medical implants), limited attention has been paid toward investigating the flexural behavior of metallic AM lattice structures with tunable internal architectures. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the flexural behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with graded density and hybrid Poisson’s ratio (PR). Four configurations of lattice structure beams with positive, negative, hybrid PR, and a novel hybrid PR with graded density were manufactured via the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM process and tested under four-point bending. The manufacturability, microstructure, micro-hardness, and flexural properties of the lattices were evaluated. During the bending tests, different failure mechanisms were observed, which were highly dependent on the type of lattice geometry. The best response in terms of absorbed energy was obtained for the functionally graded hybrid PR (FGHPR) structure. Both the FGHPR and hybrid PR (HPR) structured showed a 78.7% and 62.9% increase in the absorbed energy, respectively, compared to the positive PR (PPR) structure. This highlights the great potential for FGHPR lattices to be used in protective devices, load-bearing medical implants, and energy-absorbing applications.</jats:p>"}],"date_created":"2022-06-27T14:50:27Z","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}]},{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Abdelaal, Osama, et al. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, 4072, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Abdelaal_Hengsbach_Schaper_Hoyer_2022, title={LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>}, number={124072}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Abdelaal, Osama and Hengsbach, Florian and Schaper, Mirko and Hoyer, Kay-Peter}, year={2022} }","ama":"Abdelaal O, Hengsbach F, Schaper M, Hoyer K-P. LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>","ieee":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, and K.-P. Hoyer, “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 4072, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","apa":"Abdelaal, O., Hengsbach, F., Schaper, M., &#38; Hoyer, K.-P. (2022). LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(12), Article 4072. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>","chicago":"Abdelaal, Osama, Florian Hengsbach, Mirko Schaper, and Kay-Peter Hoyer. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 12 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","short":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, K.-P. Hoyer, Materials 15 (2022)."},"volume":15,"user_id":"43720","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"41499","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}],"type":"journal_article","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"date_created":"2023-02-02T14:28:34Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>The additive manufacturing (AM) of innovative lattice structures with unique mechanical properties has received widespread attention due to the capability of AM processes to fabricate freeform and intricate structures. The most common way to characterize the additively manufactured lattice structures is via the uniaxial compression test. However, although there are many applications for which lattice structures are designed for bending (e.g., sandwich panels cores and some medical implants), limited attention has been paid toward investigating the flexural behavior of metallic AM lattice structures with tunable internal architectures. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the flexural behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with graded density and hybrid Poisson’s ratio (PR). Four configurations of lattice structure beams with positive, negative, hybrid PR, and a novel hybrid PR with graded density were manufactured via the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM process and tested under four-point bending. The manufacturability, microstructure, micro-hardness, and flexural properties of the lattices were evaluated. During the bending tests, different failure mechanisms were observed, which were highly dependent on the type of lattice geometry. The best response in terms of absorbed energy was obtained for the functionally graded hybrid PR (FGHPR) structure. Both the FGHPR and hybrid PR (HPR) structured showed a 78.7% and 62.9% increase in the absorbed energy, respectively, compared to the positive PR (PPR) structure. This highlights the great potential for FGHPR lattices to be used in protective devices, load-bearing medical implants, and energy-absorbing applications.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"Materials","issue":"12","doi":"10.3390/ma15124072","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"4072","intvolume":"        15","date_updated":"2023-04-27T16:46:12Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Abdelaal","first_name":"Osama","full_name":"Abdelaal, Osama"},{"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Hengsbach","full_name":"Hengsbach, Florian"},{"last_name":"Schaper","first_name":"Mirko","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","id":"43720"},{"id":"48411","full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter","first_name":"Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"year":"2022","title":"LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio"},{"user_id":"43720","volume":15,"_id":"41500","publisher":"MDPI AG","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"M. Hein <i>et al.</i>, “Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, Art. no. 3774, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">10.3390/ma15113774</a>.","apa":"Hein, M., Lopes Dias, N. F., Pramanik, S., Stangier, D., Hoyer, K.-P., Tillmann, W., &#38; Schaper, M. (2022). Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(11), Article 3774. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774</a>","chicago":"Hein, Maxwell, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Sudipta Pramanik, Dominic Stangier, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko Schaper. “Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 11 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774</a>.","short":"M. Hein, N.F. Lopes Dias, S. Pramanik, D. Stangier, K.-P. Hoyer, W. Tillmann, M. Schaper, Materials 15 (2022).","mla":"Hein, Maxwell, et al. “Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, 3774, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">10.3390/ma15113774</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Hein_Lopes Dias_Pramanik_Stangier_Hoyer_Tillmann_Schaper_2022, title={Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">10.3390/ma15113774</a>}, number={113774}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hein, Maxwell and Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe and Pramanik, Sudipta and Stangier, Dominic and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Tillmann, Wolfgang and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2022} }","ama":"Hein M, Lopes Dias NF, Pramanik S, et al. Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(11). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774\">10.3390/ma15113774</a>"},"doi":"10.3390/ma15113774","article_number":"3774","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-04-27T16:46:15Z","intvolume":"        15","year":"2022","title":"Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion","author":[{"full_name":"Hein, Maxwell","first_name":"Maxwell","last_name":"Hein","orcid":"0000-0002-3732-2236","id":"52771"},{"last_name":"Lopes Dias","first_name":"Nelson Filipe","full_name":"Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe"},{"full_name":"Pramanik, Sudipta","first_name":"Sudipta","last_name":"Pramanik"},{"full_name":"Stangier, Dominic","first_name":"Dominic","last_name":"Stangier"},{"full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer","first_name":"Kay-Peter","id":"48411"},{"last_name":"Tillmann","first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Tillmann, Wolfgang"},{"last_name":"Schaper","first_name":"Mirko","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","id":"43720"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"type":"journal_article","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}],"date_created":"2023-02-02T14:28:54Z","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Titanium alloys, especially β alloys, are favorable as implant materials due to their promising combination of low Young’s modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In particular, the low Young’s moduli reduce the risk of stress shielding and implant loosening. The processing of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn through laser powder bed fusion is presented. The specimens were heat-treated, and the microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by hardness and tensile tests. The microstructures reveal a mainly β microstructure with α″ formation for high cooling rates and α precipitates after moderate cooling rates or aging. The as-built and α″ phase containing conditions exhibit a hardness around 225 HV5, yield strengths (YS) from 340 to 490 MPa, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) around 706 MPa, fracture elongations around 20%, and Young’s moduli about 50 GPa. The α precipitates containing conditions reveal a hardness around 297 HV5, YS around 812 MPa, UTS from 871 to 931 MPa, fracture elongations around 12%, and Young’s moduli about 75 GPa. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn exhibits, depending on the heat treatment, promising properties regarding the material behavior and the opportunity to tailor the mechanical performance as a low modulus, high strength implant material.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"11","publication":"Materials"},{"issue":"12","publication":"Materials","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>The additive manufacturing (AM) of innovative lattice structures with unique mechanical properties has received widespread attention due to the capability of AM processes to fabricate freeform and intricate structures. The most common way to characterize the additively manufactured lattice structures is via the uniaxial compression test. However, although there are many applications for which lattice structures are designed for bending (e.g., sandwich panels cores and some medical implants), limited attention has been paid toward investigating the flexural behavior of metallic AM lattice structures with tunable internal architectures. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the flexural behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with graded density and hybrid Poisson’s ratio (PR). Four configurations of lattice structure beams with positive, negative, hybrid PR, and a novel hybrid PR with graded density were manufactured via the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM process and tested under four-point bending. The manufacturability, microstructure, micro-hardness, and flexural properties of the lattices were evaluated. During the bending tests, different failure mechanisms were observed, which were highly dependent on the type of lattice geometry. The best response in terms of absorbed energy was obtained for the functionally graded hybrid PR (FGHPR) structure. Both the FGHPR and hybrid PR (HPR) structured showed a 78.7% and 62.9% increase in the absorbed energy, respectively, compared to the positive PR (PPR) structure. This highlights the great potential for FGHPR lattices to be used in protective devices, load-bearing medical implants, and energy-absorbing applications.</jats:p>"}],"date_created":"2023-02-02T14:19:59Z","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}],"year":"2022","title":"LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio","author":[{"last_name":"Abdelaal","first_name":"Osama","full_name":"Abdelaal, Osama"},{"last_name":"Hengsbach","first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Hengsbach, Florian"},{"full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","last_name":"Schaper","first_name":"Mirko"},{"full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer","first_name":"Kay-Peter"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"date_updated":"2023-04-27T16:48:14Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        15","article_number":"4072","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.3390/ma15124072","citation":{"apa":"Abdelaal, O., Hengsbach, F., Schaper, M., &#38; Hoyer, K.-P. (2022). LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(12), Article 4072. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>","ieee":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, and K.-P. Hoyer, “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 4072, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","short":"O. Abdelaal, F. Hengsbach, M. Schaper, K.-P. Hoyer, Materials 15 (2022).","chicago":"Abdelaal, Osama, Florian Hengsbach, Mirko Schaper, and Kay-Peter Hoyer. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i> 15, no. 12 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","mla":"Abdelaal, Osama, et al. “LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, 4072, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>.","ama":"Abdelaal O, Hengsbach F, Schaper M, Hoyer K-P. LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio. <i>Materials</i>. 2022;15(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>","bibtex":"@article{Abdelaal_Hengsbach_Schaper_Hoyer_2022, title={LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072\">10.3390/ma15124072</a>}, number={124072}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Abdelaal, Osama and Hengsbach, Florian and Schaper, Mirko and Hoyer, Kay-Peter}, year={2022} }"},"status":"public","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"41488","user_id":"48411","volume":15},{"date_created":"2022-10-27T10:04:46Z","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"321"}],"publication":"Materials","issue":"17","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Heat-assisted forming processes are becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing of sheet metal parts for body-in-white applications. However, the non-isothermal nature of these processes leads to challenges in evaluating the forming limits, since established methods such as Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) only allow the assessment of critical forming strains for steady temperatures. For this reason, a temperature-dependent extension of the well-established GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress State Dependent Damage Model) fracture indicator framework is developed by the authors to predict forming failures under non-isothermal conditions. In this paper, a general approach to combine several isothermal FLCs within the temperature-extended GISSMO model into a temperature-dependent forming limit surface is investigated. The general capabilities of the model are tested in a coupled thermo-mechanical FEA using the example of warm forming of an AA5182-O sheet metal cross-die cup. The obtained results are then compared with state of the art of evaluation methods. By taking the strain and temperature path into account, GISSMO predicts greater drawing depths by up to 20% than established methods. In this way the forming and so the lightweight potential of sheet metal parts can by fully exploited. Moreover, the risk and locus of failure can be evaluated directly on the part geometry by a contour plot. An additional advantage of the GISSMO model is the applicability for low triaxialities as well as the possibility to predict the materials behavior beyond necking up to ductile fracture.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"article_number":"5106","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.3390/ma14175106","year":"2021","title":"A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Camberg","first_name":"Alan Adam","full_name":"Camberg, Alan Adam","id":"60544"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Erhart","full_name":"Erhart, Tobias"},{"id":"553","last_name":"Tröster","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas"}],"date_updated":"2022-10-27T10:05:36Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        14","citation":{"chicago":"Camberg, Alan Adam, Tobias Erhart, and Thomas Tröster. “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations.” <i>Materials</i> 14, no. 17 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106</a>.","short":"A.A. Camberg, T. Erhart, T. Tröster, Materials 14 (2021).","ieee":"A. A. Camberg, T. Erhart, and T. Tröster, “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 17, Art. no. 5106, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>.","apa":"Camberg, A. A., Erhart, T., &#38; Tröster, T. (2021). A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations. <i>Materials</i>, <i>14</i>(17), Article 5106. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106</a>","bibtex":"@article{Camberg_Erhart_Tröster_2021, title={A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>}, number={175106}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Camberg, Alan Adam and Erhart, Tobias and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2021} }","ama":"Camberg AA, Erhart T, Tröster T. A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations. <i>Materials</i>. 2021;14(17). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>","mla":"Camberg, Alan Adam, et al. “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 17, 5106, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>."},"_id":"33895","publisher":"MDPI AG","user_id":"15952","volume":14,"status":"public"},{"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Heat-assisted forming processes are becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing of sheet metal parts for body-in-white applications. However, the non-isothermal nature of these processes leads to challenges in evaluating the forming limits, since established methods such as Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) only allow the assessment of critical forming strains for steady temperatures. For this reason, a temperature-dependent extension of the well-established GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress State Dependent Damage Model) fracture indicator framework is developed by the authors to predict forming failures under non-isothermal conditions. In this paper, a general approach to combine several isothermal FLCs within the temperature-extended GISSMO model into a temperature-dependent forming limit surface is investigated. The general capabilities of the model are tested in a coupled thermo-mechanical FEA using the example of warm forming of an AA5182-O sheet metal cross-die cup. The obtained results are then compared with state of the art of evaluation methods. By taking the strain and temperature path into account, GISSMO predicts greater drawing depths by up to 20% than established methods. In this way the forming and so the lightweight potential of sheet metal parts can by fully exploited. Moreover, the risk and locus of failure can be evaluated directly on the part geometry by a contour plot. An additional advantage of the GISSMO model is the applicability for low triaxialities as well as the possibility to predict the materials behavior beyond necking up to ductile fracture.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Materials","citation":{"mla":"Camberg, Alan Adam, et al. “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations.” <i>Materials</i>, 5106, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>.","ama":"Camberg AA, Erhart T, Tröster T. A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations. <i>Materials</i>. Published online 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>","bibtex":"@article{Camberg_Erhart_Tröster_2021, title={A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>}, number={5106}, journal={Materials}, author={Camberg, Alan Adam and Erhart, Tobias and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2021} }","apa":"Camberg, A. A., Erhart, T., &#38; Tröster, T. (2021). A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations. <i>Materials</i>, Article 5106. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106</a>","ieee":"A. A. Camberg, T. Erhart, and T. Tröster, “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations,” <i>Materials</i>, Art. no. 5106, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">10.3390/ma14175106</a>.","short":"A.A. Camberg, T. Erhart, T. Tröster, Materials (2021).","chicago":"Camberg, Alan Adam, Tobias Erhart, and Thomas Tröster. “A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations.” <i>Materials</i>, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175106</a>."},"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"321"}],"date_created":"2021-09-09T10:05:11Z","date_updated":"2023-05-24T08:51:02Z","publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations","year":"2021","author":[{"id":"60544","first_name":"Alan Adam","last_name":"Camberg","full_name":"Camberg, Alan Adam"},{"full_name":"Erhart, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Erhart"},{"full_name":"Tröster, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","id":"553"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"doi":"10.3390/ma14175106","user_id":"15952","article_number":"5106","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"24009"},{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Heiland, Steffen, et al. “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 23, 7190, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">10.3390/ma14237190</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Heiland_Milkereit_Hoyer_Zhuravlev_Kessler_Schaper_2021, title={Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">10.3390/ma14237190</a>}, number={237190}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Heiland, Steffen and Milkereit, Benjamin and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Zhuravlev, Evgeny and Kessler, Olaf and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2021} }","ama":"Heiland S, Milkereit B, Hoyer K-P, Zhuravlev E, Kessler O, Schaper M. Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts. <i>Materials</i>. 2021;14(23). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">10.3390/ma14237190</a>","ieee":"S. Heiland, B. Milkereit, K.-P. Hoyer, E. Zhuravlev, O. Kessler, and M. Schaper, “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 23, Art. no. 7190, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">10.3390/ma14237190</a>.","apa":"Heiland, S., Milkereit, B., Hoyer, K.-P., Zhuravlev, E., Kessler, O., &#38; Schaper, M. (2021). Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts. <i>Materials</i>, <i>14</i>(23), Article 7190. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>","chicago":"Heiland, Steffen, Benjamin Milkereit, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Evgeny Zhuravlev, Olaf Kessler, and Mirko Schaper. “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts.” <i>Materials</i> 14, no. 23 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>.","short":"S. Heiland, B. Milkereit, K.-P. Hoyer, E. Zhuravlev, O. Kessler, M. Schaper, Materials 14 (2021)."},"status":"public","user_id":"43720","volume":14,"_id":"41506","publisher":"MDPI AG","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Processing aluminum alloys employing powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is becoming more attractive for the industry, especially if lightweight applications are needed. Unfortunately, high-strength aluminum alloys such as AA7075 are prone to hot cracking during PBF-LB/M, as well as welding. Both a large solidification range promoted by the alloying elements zinc and copper and a high thermal gradient accompanied with the manufacturing process conditions lead to or favor hot cracking. In the present study, a simple method for modifying the powder surface with titanium carbide nanoparticles (NPs) as a nucleating agent is aimed. The effect on the microstructure with different amounts of the nucleating agent is shown. For the aluminum alloy 7075 with 2.5 ma% titanium carbide nanoparticles, manufactured via PBF-LB/M, crack-free samples with a refined microstructure having no discernible melt pool boundaries and columnar grains are observed. After using a two-step ageing heat treatment, ultimate tensile strengths up to 465 MPa and an 8.9% elongation at break are achieved. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that not all nanoparticles used remain in the melt pool during PBF-LB/M.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"Materials","issue":"23","type":"journal_article","keyword":["General Materials Science"],"department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}],"date_created":"2023-02-02T14:31:05Z","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-06-01T14:34:46Z","intvolume":"        14","year":"2021","title":"Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts","author":[{"last_name":"Heiland","first_name":"Steffen","full_name":"Heiland, Steffen","id":"77250"},{"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Milkereit","full_name":"Milkereit, Benjamin"},{"id":"48411","full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer","first_name":"Kay-Peter"},{"full_name":"Zhuravlev, Evgeny","last_name":"Zhuravlev","first_name":"Evgeny"},{"full_name":"Kessler, Olaf","last_name":"Kessler","first_name":"Olaf"},{"id":"43720","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","last_name":"Schaper","first_name":"Mirko"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"doi":"10.3390/ma14237190","article_number":"7190","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"short":"B. Křivská, M. Šlapáková, J. Veselý, M. Kihoulou, K. Fekete, P. Minárik, R. Králík, O. Grydin, M. Stolbchenko, M. Schaper, Materials 14 (2021).","chicago":"Křivská, Barbora, Michaela Šlapáková, Jozef Veselý, Martin Kihoulou, Klaudia Fekete, Peter Minárik, Rostislav Králík, Olexandr Grydin, Mykhailo Stolbchenko, and Mirko Schaper. “Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet.” <i>Materials</i> 14, no. 24 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771</a>.","ieee":"B. Křivská <i>et al.</i>, “Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 24, Art. no. 7771, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">10.3390/ma14247771</a>.","apa":"Křivská, B., Šlapáková, M., Veselý, J., Kihoulou, M., Fekete, K., Minárik, P., Králík, R., Grydin, O., Stolbchenko, M., &#38; Schaper, M. (2021). Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet. <i>Materials</i>, <i>14</i>(24), Article 7771. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771</a>","bibtex":"@article{Křivská_Šlapáková_Veselý_Kihoulou_Fekete_Minárik_Králík_Grydin_Stolbchenko_Schaper_2021, title={Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">10.3390/ma14247771</a>}, number={247771}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Křivská, Barbora and Šlapáková, Michaela and Veselý, Jozef and Kihoulou, Martin and Fekete, Klaudia and Minárik, Peter and Králík, Rostislav and Grydin, Olexandr and Stolbchenko, Mykhailo and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2021} }","ama":"Křivská B, Šlapáková M, Veselý J, et al. Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet. <i>Materials</i>. 2021;14(24). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">10.3390/ma14247771</a>","mla":"Křivská, Barbora, et al. “Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 24, 7771, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247771\">10.3390/ma14247771</a>."},"oa":"1","status":"public","volume":14,"user_id":"43720","_id":"29815","publisher":"MDPI AG","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Aluminium steel clad materials have high potential for industrial applications. Their mechanical properties are governed by an intermetallic layer, which forms upon heat treatment at the Al-Fe interface. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to identify the phases present at the interface by selective area electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Three phases were identified: orthorhombic Al5Fe2, monoclinic Al13Fe4 and cubic Al19Fe4MnSi2. An effective interdiffusion coefficient dependent on concentration was determined according to the Boltzmann–Matano method. The highest value of the interdiffusion coefficient was reached at the composition of the intermetallic phases. Afterwards, the process of diffusion considering the evaluated interdiffusion coefficient was simulated using the finite element method. Results of the simulations revealed that growth of the intermetallic phases proceeds preferentially in the direction of aluminium.</jats:p>"}],"issue":"24","publication":"Materials","department":[{"_id":"158"}],"keyword":["General Materials Science"],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2022-02-11T17:40:03Z","intvolume":"        14","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-06-01T14:38:18Z","author":[{"full_name":"Křivská, Barbora","last_name":"Křivská","first_name":"Barbora"},{"last_name":"Šlapáková","first_name":"Michaela","full_name":"Šlapáková, Michaela"},{"first_name":"Jozef","last_name":"Veselý","full_name":"Veselý, Jozef"},{"last_name":"Kihoulou","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Kihoulou, Martin"},{"first_name":"Klaudia","last_name":"Fekete","full_name":"Fekete, Klaudia"},{"full_name":"Minárik, Peter","first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Minárik"},{"full_name":"Králík, Rostislav","last_name":"Králík","first_name":"Rostislav"},{"id":"43822","last_name":"Grydin","first_name":"Olexandr","full_name":"Grydin, Olexandr"},{"last_name":"Stolbchenko","first_name":"Mykhailo","full_name":"Stolbchenko, Mykhailo"},{"id":"43720","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","first_name":"Mirko","last_name":"Schaper"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"year":"2021","title":"Intermetallic Phases Identification and Diffusion Simulation in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Fe Clad Sheet","doi":"10.3390/ma14247771","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"7771","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/24/7771/htm"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"1859","doi":"10.3390/ma14081859","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Köhler","full_name":"Köhler, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Kupfer, Robert","last_name":"Kupfer","first_name":"Robert"},{"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Troschitz","full_name":"Troschitz, Juliane"},{"full_name":"Gude, Maik","first_name":"Maik","last_name":"Gude"}],"year":"2021","title":"In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points","intvolume":"        14","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-06-02T20:20:32Z","date_created":"2024-02-06T15:05:43Z","department":[{"_id":"157"},{"_id":"43"}],"keyword":["General Materials Science"],"type":"journal_article","issue":"8","publication":"Materials","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>As lightweight design gains more and more attention, time and cost-efficient joining methods such as clinching are becoming more popular. A clinch point’s quality is usually determined by ex situ destructive analyses such as microsectioning. However, these methods do not yield the detection of phenomena occurring during loading such as elastic deformations and cracks that close after unloading. Alternatively, in situ computed tomography (in situ CT) can be used to investigate the loading process of clinch points. In this paper, a method for in situ CT analysis of a single-lap shear test with clinched metal sheets is presented at the example of a clinched joint with two 2 mm thick aluminum sheets. Furthermore, the potential of this method to validate numerical simulations is shown. Since the sheets’ surfaces are locally in contact with each other, the interface between both aluminum sheets and therefore the exact contour of the joining partners is difficult to identify in CT analyses. To compensate for this, the application of copper varnish between the sheets is investigated. The best in situ CT results are achieved with both sheets treated. It showed that with this treatment, in situ CT is suitable to properly observe the three-dimensional deformation behavior and to identify the failure modes.</jats:p>"}],"_id":"51200","publisher":"MDPI AG","volume":14,"user_id":"83408","status":"public","citation":{"ieee":"D. Köhler, R. Kupfer, J. Troschitz, and M. Gude, “In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 1859, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">10.3390/ma14081859</a>.","apa":"Köhler, D., Kupfer, R., Troschitz, J., &#38; Gude, M. (2021). In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points. <i>Materials</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 1859. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859</a>","chicago":"Köhler, Daniel, Robert Kupfer, Juliane Troschitz, and Maik Gude. “In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points.” <i>Materials</i> 14, no. 8 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859</a>.","short":"D. Köhler, R. Kupfer, J. Troschitz, M. Gude, Materials 14 (2021).","mla":"Köhler, Daniel, et al. “In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 1859, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">10.3390/ma14081859</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Köhler_Kupfer_Troschitz_Gude_2021, title={In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">10.3390/ma14081859</a>}, number={81859}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Köhler, Daniel and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik}, year={2021} }","ama":"Köhler D, Kupfer R, Troschitz J, Gude M. In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points. <i>Materials</i>. 2021;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081859\">10.3390/ma14081859</a>"},"project":[{"_id":"130","grant_number":"418701707","name":"TRR 285: TRR 285"},{"_id":"133","name":"TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C"},{"name":"TRR 285 – C04: TRR 285 - Subproject C04","_id":"148"}]},{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"S. Pawelczyk, M. Kniepkamp, S. Jesinghausen, and H.-J. Schmid, “Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures,” <i>Materials</i>, Art. no. 467, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">10.3390/ma13020467</a>.","apa":"Pawelczyk, S., Kniepkamp, M., Jesinghausen, S., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2020). Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures. <i>Materials</i>, Article 467. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467</a>","mla":"Pawelczyk, Sebastian, et al. “Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures.” <i>Materials</i>, 467, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">10.3390/ma13020467</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Pawelczyk_Kniepkamp_Jesinghausen_Schmid_2020, title={Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">10.3390/ma13020467</a>}, number={467}, journal={Materials}, author={Pawelczyk, Sebastian and Kniepkamp, Marieluise and Jesinghausen, Steffen and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2020} }","ama":"Pawelczyk S, Kniepkamp M, Jesinghausen S, Schmid H-J. Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures. <i>Materials</i>. Published online 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">10.3390/ma13020467</a>","short":"S. Pawelczyk, M. Kniepkamp, S. Jesinghausen, H.-J. Schmid, Materials (2020).","chicago":"Pawelczyk, Sebastian, Marieluise Kniepkamp, Steffen Jesinghausen, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures.” <i>Materials</i>, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467</a>."},"oa":"1","status":"public","user_id":"3959","_id":"21948","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Since suspensions (e.g., in food, cement, or cosmetics industries) tend to show wall slip, the application of structured measuring surfaces in rheometers is widespread. Usually, for parallel-plate geometries, the tip-to-tip distance is used for calculation of absolute rheological values, which implies that there is no flow behind this distance. However, several studies show that this is not true. Therefore, the measuring gap needs to be corrected by adding the effective gap extension    δ    to the prescribed gap height    H    in order to obtain absolute rheological properties. In this paper, we determine the effective gap extension    δ    for different structures and fluids (Newtonian, shear thinning, and model suspensions that can be adjusted to the behavior of real fluids) and compare the corrected values to reference data. We observe that for Newtonian fluids a gap- and material-independent correction function can be derived for every measuring system, which is also applicable to suspensions, but not to shear thinning fluids. Since this relation appears to be mainly dependent on the characteristics of flow behaviour, we show that the calibration of structured measuring systems is possible with Newtonian fluids and then can be transferred to suspensions up to a certain particle content.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Materials","keyword":["wall slip prevention","effective gap height","parallel-plate system","structured surfaces","model suspensions","cement paste","fresh concrete"],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"150"}],"date_created":"2021-05-04T08:48:48Z","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-01-17T07:45:59Z","article_type":"original","title":"Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures","year":"2020","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"author":[{"id":"38243","last_name":"Pawelczyk","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Pawelczyk, Sebastian"},{"first_name":"Marieluise","last_name":"Kniepkamp","full_name":"Kniepkamp, Marieluise"},{"orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-5298","first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Jesinghausen","full_name":"Jesinghausen, Steffen","id":"3959"},{"last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","id":"464"}],"doi":"10.3390/ma13020467","article_number":"467","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/2/467"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"issue":"14","publication":"Materials","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>The simulation of complex engineering components and structures under loads requires the formulation and adequate calibration of appropriate material models. This work introduces an optimisation-based scheme for the calibration of viscoelastic material models that are coupled to gradient-enhanced damage in a finite strain setting. The parameter identification scheme is applied to a self-diagnostic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer, where so-called mechanophore units are incorporated within the polymeric microstructure. The present contribution, however, focuses on the purely mechanical response of the material, combining experiments with homogeneous and inhomogeneous states of deformation. In effect, the results provided lay the groundwork for a future extension of the proposed parameter identification framework, where additional field-data provided by the self-diagnostic capabilities can be incorporated into the optimisation scheme.</jats:p>"}],"date_created":"2025-12-03T13:00:05Z","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"952"},{"_id":"321"}],"title":"Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework","year":"2020","author":[{"full_name":"Schulte, Robin","first_name":"Robin","last_name":"Schulte"},{"id":"106876","first_name":"Richard","orcid":"0000-0003-2147-8444","last_name":"Ostwald","full_name":"Ostwald, Richard"},{"last_name":"Menzel","first_name":"Andreas","full_name":"Menzel, Andreas"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1944"]},"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-12-03T13:00:55Z","intvolume":"        13","article_number":"3156","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.3390/ma13143156","citation":{"ieee":"R. Schulte, R. Ostwald, and A. Menzel, “Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 13, no. 14, Art. no. 3156, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">10.3390/ma13143156</a>.","apa":"Schulte, R., Ostwald, R., &#38; Menzel, A. (2020). Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework. <i>Materials</i>, <i>13</i>(14), Article 3156. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156</a>","chicago":"Schulte, Robin, Richard Ostwald, and Andreas Menzel. “Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework.” <i>Materials</i> 13, no. 14 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156</a>.","short":"R. Schulte, R. Ostwald, A. Menzel, Materials 13 (2020).","mla":"Schulte, Robin, et al. “Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 13, no. 14, 3156, MDPI AG, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">10.3390/ma13143156</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Schulte_Ostwald_Menzel_2020, title={Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">10.3390/ma13143156</a>}, number={143156}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Schulte, Robin and Ostwald, Richard and Menzel, Andreas}, year={2020} }","ama":"Schulte R, Ostwald R, Menzel A. Gradient-Enhanced Modelling of Damage for Rate-Dependent Material Behaviour—A Parameter Identification Framework. <i>Materials</i>. 2020;13(14). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143156\">10.3390/ma13143156</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","_id":"62777","publisher":"MDPI AG","user_id":"85414","volume":13}]