[{"year":"2025","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"1","title":"Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2025-01-17T09:17:15Z","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>In the engineering of complex technical systems, Systems Engineering (SE) is a key approach that is becoming increasingly relevant in more and more industries due to the ever-increasing complexity of systems. Over the decades of practical application and research, various specializations and forms of the Systems Engineering approach have developed, but there has so far been a lack of an overarching context and positioning in meaningful stages for the introduction of Systems Engineering in companies. For this reason, this research will systematize common Systems Engineering approaches and bring them together in a stage model for Systems Engineering. Based on a systematic literature review, use cases are identified for each approach and stage, which support companies in selecting an approach suitable for their own organization.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Systems","keyword":["Systems Engineering Transformation","maturity","Systems Engineering stages","approaches","SE"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"intvolume":"        13","citation":{"ama":"Gräßler I, Grewe B. Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>. 2025;13(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">10.3390/systems13010053</a>","ieee":"I. Gräßler and B. Grewe, “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, Art. no. 53, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.","chicago":"Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i> 13, no. 1 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>.","apa":"Gräßler, I., &#38; Grewe, B. (2025). Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>, <i>13</i>(1), Article 53. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>","mla":"Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, 53, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.","short":"I. Gräßler, B. Grewe, Systems 13 (2025).","bibtex":"@article{Gräßler_Grewe_2025, title={Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053\">10.3390/systems13010053</a>}, number={153}, journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt}, year={2025} }"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-8954"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3390/systems13010053","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/1/53"}],"date_updated":"2025-11-11T06:11:22Z","volume":13,"author":[{"last_name":"Gräßler","orcid":"0000-0001-5765-971X","id":"47565","full_name":"Gräßler, Iris","first_name":"Iris"},{"first_name":"Benedikt","last_name":"Grewe","full_name":"Grewe, Benedikt","id":"52359"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"53","article_type":"original","_id":"58236","department":[{"_id":"152"}],"user_id":"52359"},{"publisher":"MDPI AG","date_updated":"2023-10-06T07:38:40Z","author":[{"full_name":"Wilke, Daria","last_name":"Wilke","first_name":"Daria"},{"last_name":"Grothe","full_name":"Grothe, Robin","first_name":"Robin"},{"first_name":"Lukas","full_name":"Bretz, Lukas","last_name":"Bretz"},{"full_name":"Anacker, Harald","last_name":"Anacker","first_name":"Harald"},{"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Dumitrescu","id":"16190","full_name":"Dumitrescu, Roman"}],"date_created":"2023-10-06T07:38:11Z","volume":11,"title":"Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering","doi":"10.3390/systems11030119","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-8954"]},"issue":"3","year":"2023","citation":{"chicago":"Wilke, Daria, Robin Grothe, Lukas Bretz, Harald Anacker, and Roman Dumitrescu. “Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering.” <i>Systems</i> 11, no. 3 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119</a>.","ieee":"D. Wilke, R. Grothe, L. Bretz, H. Anacker, and R. Dumitrescu, “Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, Art. no. 119, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">10.3390/systems11030119</a>.","ama":"Wilke D, Grothe R, Bretz L, Anacker H, Dumitrescu R. Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering. <i>Systems</i>. 2023;11(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">10.3390/systems11030119</a>","short":"D. Wilke, R. Grothe, L. Bretz, H. Anacker, R. Dumitrescu, Systems 11 (2023).","mla":"Wilke, Daria, et al. “Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering.” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 119, MDPI AG, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">10.3390/systems11030119</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Wilke_Grothe_Bretz_Anacker_Dumitrescu_2023, title={Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">10.3390/systems11030119</a>}, number={3119}, journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Wilke, Daria and Grothe, Robin and Bretz, Lukas and Anacker, Harald and Dumitrescu, Roman}, year={2023} }","apa":"Wilke, D., Grothe, R., Bretz, L., Anacker, H., &#38; Dumitrescu, R. (2023). Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering. <i>Systems</i>, <i>11</i>(3), Article 119. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119</a>"},"intvolume":"        11","_id":"47800","user_id":"15782","department":[{"_id":"563"}],"article_number":"119","keyword":["Information Systems and Management","Computer Networks and Communications","Modeling and Simulation","Control and Systems Engineering","Software"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Systems","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>The introduction of Systems Engineering is an approach for dealing with the increasing complexity of products and their associated product development. Several introduction strategies are available in the literature; nevertheless, the introduction of Systems Engineering into practice still poses a great challenge to companies. Many companies have already gained experience in the introduction of Systems Engineering. Therefore, as part of the SE4OWL research project, the need to conduct a study including expert interviews and to collect the experiences of experts was identified. A total of 78 hypotheses were identified from 13 expert interviews concerning the lessons learned. Using exclusion criteria, 52 hypotheses were validated in a subsequent quantitative survey with 112 participants. Of these 52 hypotheses, 40 could be confirmed based on the survey results. Only four hypotheses were rejected, and eight could neither be confirmed nor rejected. Through this research, guidance is provided to companies to leverage best practices for the introduction of their own Systems Engineering and to avoid the poor practices of other companies.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public"},{"type":"journal_article","status":"public","user_id":"5905","department":[{"_id":"152"}],"_id":"44382","article_number":"154","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-8954"]},"citation":{"ieee":"I. Gräßler, D. Wiechel, A.-S. Koch, T. Sturm, and T. Markfelder, “Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, Art. no. 154, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">10.3390/systems11030154</a>.","chicago":"Gräßler, Iris, Dominik Wiechel, Anna-Sophie Koch, Tim Sturm, and Thomas Markfelder. “Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling.” <i>Systems</i> 11, no. 3 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154</a>.","ama":"Gräßler I, Wiechel D, Koch A-S, Sturm T, Markfelder T. Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling. <i>Systems</i>. 2023;11(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">10.3390/systems11030154</a>","mla":"Gräßler, Iris, et al. “Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling.” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 154, MDPI AG, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">10.3390/systems11030154</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Gräßler_Wiechel_Koch_Sturm_Markfelder_2023, title={Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">10.3390/systems11030154</a>}, number={3154}, journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gräßler, Iris and Wiechel, Dominik and Koch, Anna-Sophie and Sturm, Tim and Markfelder, Thomas}, year={2023} }","short":"I. Gräßler, D. Wiechel, A.-S. Koch, T. Sturm, T. Markfelder, Systems 11 (2023).","apa":"Gräßler, I., Wiechel, D., Koch, A.-S., Sturm, T., &#38; Markfelder, T. (2023). Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling. <i>Systems</i>, <i>11</i>(3), Article 154. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154\">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154</a>"},"intvolume":"        11","author":[{"first_name":"Iris","full_name":"Gräßler, Iris","id":"47565","orcid":"0000-0001-5765-971X","last_name":"Gräßler"},{"last_name":"Wiechel","id":"67161","full_name":"Wiechel, Dominik","first_name":"Dominik"},{"id":"44158","full_name":"Koch, Anna-Sophie","last_name":"Koch","first_name":"Anna-Sophie"},{"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Sturm","full_name":"Sturm, Tim"},{"last_name":"Markfelder","full_name":"Markfelder, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"}],"volume":11,"date_updated":"2023-05-03T08:40:22Z","doi":"10.3390/systems11030154","publication":"Systems","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>The success of engineering complex technical systems is determined by meeting customer requirements and institutional regulations. One example relevant to the automobile industry is the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UN ECE), which specifies the homologation of automobile series and requires proof of traceability. The required traceability can be achieved by modeling system artifacts and their relations in a consistent, seamless model—an effect-chain model. Currently, no in-depth methodology exists to support engineers in developing certification-compliant effect-chain models. For this purpose, a new methodology for certification-compliant effect-chain modeling was developed, which includes extensions of an existing method, suitable models, and tools to support engineers in the modeling process. For evaluation purposes, applicability is proven based on the experience of more than 300 workshops at an automotive OEM and an automotive supplier. The following case example is chosen to demonstrate applicability: the development of a window lifter that has to meet the demands of UN ECE Regulations R156 and R21. Results indicate multiple benefits in supporting engineers with the certification-compliant modeling of effect chains. Three benefits are goal-oriented modeling to reduce the necessary modeling capacity, increasing model quality by applying information quality criteria, and the potential to reduce costs through automatable effect-chain analyses for technical changes. Further, companies in the automotive and other industries will benefit from increased modeling capabilities that can be used for architecture modeling and to comply with other regulations such as ASPICE or ISO 26262.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Information Systems and Management","Computer Networks and Communications","Modeling and Simulation","Control and Systems Engineering","Software"],"issue":"3","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2023","date_created":"2023-05-03T08:37:36Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","title":"Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling"}]