---
_id: '58236'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>In the engineering of complex technical systems, Systems Engineering
    (SE) is a key approach that is becoming increasingly relevant in more and more
    industries due to the ever-increasing complexity of systems. Over the decades
    of practical application and research, various specializations and forms of the
    Systems Engineering approach have developed, but there has so far been a lack
    of an overarching context and positioning in meaningful stages for the introduction
    of Systems Engineering in companies. For this reason, this research will systematize
    common Systems Engineering approaches and bring them together in a stage model
    for Systems Engineering. Based on a systematic literature review, use cases are
    identified for each approach and stage, which support companies in selecting an
    approach suitable for their own organization.</jats:p>
article_number: '53'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Iris
  full_name: Gräßler, Iris
  id: '47565'
  last_name: Gräßler
  orcid: 0000-0001-5765-971X
- first_name: Benedikt
  full_name: Grewe, Benedikt
  id: '52359'
  last_name: Grewe
citation:
  ama: 'Gräßler I, Grewe B. Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization
    of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>. 2025;13(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>'
  apa: 'Gräßler, I., &#38; Grewe, B. (2025). Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>, <i>13</i>(1),
    Article 53. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Gräßler_Grewe_2025, title={Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches}, volume={13}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>}, number={153},
    journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt},
    year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An
    Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i>
    13, no. 1 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  ieee: 'I. Gräßler and B. Grewe, “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and
    Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 13,
    no. 1, Art. no. 53, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  mla: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i>, vol.
    13, no. 1, 53, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  short: I. Gräßler, B. Grewe, Systems 13 (2025).
date_created: 2025-01-17T09:17:15Z
date_updated: 2025-11-11T06:11:22Z
department:
- _id: '152'
doi: 10.3390/systems13010053
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Systems Engineering Transformation
- maturity
- Systems Engineering stages
- approaches
- SE
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/1/53
publication: Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-8954
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems
  Engineering Approaches'
type: journal_article
user_id: '52359'
volume: 13
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '47800'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>The introduction of Systems Engineering is an approach for dealing
    with the increasing complexity of products and their associated product development.
    Several introduction strategies are available in the literature; nevertheless,
    the introduction of Systems Engineering into practice still poses a great challenge
    to companies. Many companies have already gained experience in the introduction
    of Systems Engineering. Therefore, as part of the SE4OWL research project, the
    need to conduct a study including expert interviews and to collect the experiences
    of experts was identified. A total of 78 hypotheses were identified from 13 expert
    interviews concerning the lessons learned. Using exclusion criteria, 52 hypotheses
    were validated in a subsequent quantitative survey with 112 participants. Of these
    52 hypotheses, 40 could be confirmed based on the survey results. Only four hypotheses
    were rejected, and eight could neither be confirmed nor rejected. Through this
    research, guidance is provided to companies to leverage best practices for the
    introduction of their own Systems Engineering and to avoid the poor practices
    of other companies.</jats:p>
article_number: '119'
author:
- first_name: Daria
  full_name: Wilke, Daria
  last_name: Wilke
- first_name: Robin
  full_name: Grothe, Robin
  last_name: Grothe
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Bretz, Lukas
  last_name: Bretz
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Anacker, Harald
  last_name: Anacker
- first_name: Roman
  full_name: Dumitrescu, Roman
  id: '16190'
  last_name: Dumitrescu
citation:
  ama: Wilke D, Grothe R, Bretz L, Anacker H, Dumitrescu R. Lessons Learned from the
    Introduction of Systems Engineering. <i>Systems</i>. 2023;11(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">10.3390/systems11030119</a>
  apa: Wilke, D., Grothe, R., Bretz, L., Anacker, H., &#38; Dumitrescu, R. (2023).
    Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering. <i>Systems</i>,
    <i>11</i>(3), Article 119. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Wilke_Grothe_Bretz_Anacker_Dumitrescu_2023, title={Lessons Learned
    from the Introduction of Systems Engineering}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">10.3390/systems11030119</a>},
    number={3119}, journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Wilke, Daria and
    Grothe, Robin and Bretz, Lukas and Anacker, Harald and Dumitrescu, Roman}, year={2023}
    }'
  chicago: Wilke, Daria, Robin Grothe, Lukas Bretz, Harald Anacker, and Roman Dumitrescu.
    “Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering.” <i>Systems</i>
    11, no. 3 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119</a>.
  ieee: 'D. Wilke, R. Grothe, L. Bretz, H. Anacker, and R. Dumitrescu, “Lessons Learned
    from the Introduction of Systems Engineering,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3,
    Art. no. 119, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">10.3390/systems11030119</a>.'
  mla: Wilke, Daria, et al. “Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering.”
    <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 119, MDPI AG, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030119">10.3390/systems11030119</a>.
  short: D. Wilke, R. Grothe, L. Bretz, H. Anacker, R. Dumitrescu, Systems 11 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-06T07:38:11Z
date_updated: 2023-10-06T07:38:40Z
department:
- _id: '563'
doi: 10.3390/systems11030119
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Information Systems and Management
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Modeling and Simulation
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Software
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-8954
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering
type: journal_article
user_id: '15782'
volume: 11
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '44382'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '<jats:p>The success of engineering complex technical systems is determined
    by meeting customer requirements and institutional regulations. One example relevant
    to the automobile industry is the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe
    (UN ECE), which specifies the homologation of automobile series and requires proof
    of traceability. The required traceability can be achieved by modeling system
    artifacts and their relations in a consistent, seamless model—an effect-chain
    model. Currently, no in-depth methodology exists to support engineers in developing
    certification-compliant effect-chain models. For this purpose, a new methodology
    for certification-compliant effect-chain modeling was developed, which includes
    extensions of an existing method, suitable models, and tools to support engineers
    in the modeling process. For evaluation purposes, applicability is proven based
    on the experience of more than 300 workshops at an automotive OEM and an automotive
    supplier. The following case example is chosen to demonstrate applicability: the
    development of a window lifter that has to meet the demands of UN ECE Regulations
    R156 and R21. Results indicate multiple benefits in supporting engineers with
    the certification-compliant modeling of effect chains. Three benefits are goal-oriented
    modeling to reduce the necessary modeling capacity, increasing model quality by
    applying information quality criteria, and the potential to reduce costs through
    automatable effect-chain analyses for technical changes. Further, companies in
    the automotive and other industries will benefit from increased modeling capabilities
    that can be used for architecture modeling and to comply with other regulations
    such as ASPICE or ISO 26262.</jats:p>'
article_number: '154'
author:
- first_name: Iris
  full_name: Gräßler, Iris
  id: '47565'
  last_name: Gräßler
  orcid: 0000-0001-5765-971X
- first_name: Dominik
  full_name: Wiechel, Dominik
  id: '67161'
  last_name: Wiechel
- first_name: Anna-Sophie
  full_name: Koch, Anna-Sophie
  id: '44158'
  last_name: Koch
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Sturm, Tim
  last_name: Sturm
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Markfelder, Thomas
  last_name: Markfelder
citation:
  ama: Gräßler I, Wiechel D, Koch A-S, Sturm T, Markfelder T. Methodology for Certification-Compliant
    Effect-Chain Modeling. <i>Systems</i>. 2023;11(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">10.3390/systems11030154</a>
  apa: Gräßler, I., Wiechel, D., Koch, A.-S., Sturm, T., &#38; Markfelder, T. (2023).
    Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling. <i>Systems</i>,
    <i>11</i>(3), Article 154. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Gräßler_Wiechel_Koch_Sturm_Markfelder_2023, title={Methodology
    for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">10.3390/systems11030154</a>},
    number={3154}, journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gräßler, Iris and
    Wiechel, Dominik and Koch, Anna-Sophie and Sturm, Tim and Markfelder, Thomas},
    year={2023} }'
  chicago: Gräßler, Iris, Dominik Wiechel, Anna-Sophie Koch, Tim Sturm, and Thomas
    Markfelder. “Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling.” <i>Systems</i>
    11, no. 3 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154</a>.
  ieee: 'I. Gräßler, D. Wiechel, A.-S. Koch, T. Sturm, and T. Markfelder, “Methodology
    for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no.
    3, Art. no. 154, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">10.3390/systems11030154</a>.'
  mla: Gräßler, Iris, et al. “Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain
    Modeling.” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 154, MDPI AG, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030154">10.3390/systems11030154</a>.
  short: I. Gräßler, D. Wiechel, A.-S. Koch, T. Sturm, T. Markfelder, Systems 11 (2023).
date_created: 2023-05-03T08:37:36Z
date_updated: 2023-05-03T08:40:22Z
department:
- _id: '152'
doi: 10.3390/systems11030154
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Information Systems and Management
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Modeling and Simulation
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Software
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-8954
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling
type: journal_article
user_id: '5905'
volume: 11
year: '2023'
...