[{"project":[{"_id":"142","name":"TRR 285 - Subproject B03"},{"_id":"132","name":"TRR 285 - Project Area B"},{"_id":"130","name":"TRR 285:  Methodenentwicklung zur mechanischen Fügbarkeit in wandlungsfähigen Prozessketten"}],"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>Salt-spray testing is widely used in the automotive and materials industries to assess the corrosion resistance of protective coatings, where uniform corrosion is a key indicator of material performance. This work presents a numerical uniform corrosion model that predicts the corrosion rate of hot-dip zinc in salt-spray environments by incorporating electrochemical reactions, mass transport via the Nernst–Planck equation, and ionic-strength effects through the Brønsted–Bjerrum relation. The model is calibrated using immersion-test data and extended to account for electrolyte layer growth, droplet deposition, and periodic run-off in salt-spray environments. The calibration establishes a relationship between the porosity of the zinc oxide layer and the rate constant of zinc oxide precipitation. The validated model reproduces the transition from activation- to diffusion-controlled corrosion and captures the experimentally observed corrosion kinetics with an error margin of 20% when electrolyte renewal is included. The results highlight the decisive role of electrolyte dynamics in salt-spray environments and provide a foundation for extending the framework to more complex cyclic corrosion tests.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Chen, Chin, Martin Hofmann, and Thomas Wallmersperger. “Modeling the Uniform Corrosion Behavior of Zinc in Salt Spray Testing.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>.","short":"C. Chen, M. Hofmann, T. Wallmersperger, Npj Materials Degradation (2026).","ama":"Chen C, Hofmann M, Wallmersperger T. Modeling the uniform corrosion behavior of zinc in salt spray testing. <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>","bibtex":"@article{Chen_Hofmann_Wallmersperger_2026, title={Modeling the uniform corrosion behavior of zinc in salt spray testing}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>}, journal={npj Materials Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Chen, Chin and Hofmann, Martin and Wallmersperger, Thomas}, year={2026} }","apa":"Chen, C., Hofmann, M., &#38; Wallmersperger, T. (2026). Modeling the uniform corrosion behavior of zinc in salt spray testing. <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>","mla":"Chen, Chin, et al. “Modeling the Uniform Corrosion Behavior of Zinc in Salt Spray Testing.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>.","ieee":"C. Chen, M. Hofmann, and T. Wallmersperger, “Modeling the uniform corrosion behavior of zinc in salt spray testing,” <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0\">10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0</a>."},"publication":"npj Materials Degradation","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2026-02-19T10:02:29Z","date_updated":"2026-02-24T15:10:55Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"id":"114741","last_name":"Chen","first_name":"Chin","full_name":"Chen, Chin"},{"last_name":"Hofmann","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Hofmann, Martin"},{"full_name":"Wallmersperger, Thomas","last_name":"Wallmersperger","first_name":"Thomas"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2397-2106"]},"title":"Modeling the uniform corrosion behavior of zinc in salt spray testing","status":"public","year":"2026","doi":"10.1038/s41529-026-00749-0","user_id":"114741","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","_id":"64250","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"date_updated":"2025-11-18T12:11:30Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         8","title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion","year":"2024","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2397-2106"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Wackenrohr","full_name":"Wackenrohr, Steffen"},{"full_name":"Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime","last_name":"Torrent","first_name":"Christof Johannes Jaime"},{"full_name":"Herbst, Sebastian","last_name":"Herbst","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"full_name":"Nürnberger, Florian","first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Nürnberger"},{"full_name":"Krooss, Philipp","last_name":"Krooss","first_name":"Philipp"},{"full_name":"Frenck, Johanna-Maria","first_name":"Johanna-Maria","last_name":"Frenck"},{"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Ebbert","full_name":"Ebbert, Christoph","id":"7266"},{"full_name":"Voigt, Markus","first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Voigt","id":"15182"},{"full_name":"Grundmeier, Guido","last_name":"Grundmeier","first_name":"Guido","id":"194"},{"full_name":"Niendorf, Thomas","last_name":"Niendorf","first_name":"Thomas"},{"full_name":"Maier, Hans Jürgen","first_name":"Hans Jürgen","last_name":"Maier"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w","article_number":"49","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Due to its excellent biocompatibility, pure iron is a very promising implant material, but often features corrosion rates that are too low. Using additive manufacturing and modified powders the microstructure and, thus, the material properties, e.g., the corrosion properties, can be tailored for specific applications. Within the scope of this study, pure iron powder was modified with different amounts of CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> or Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> nanoparticles and subsequently processed by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB/M). The corrosion-fatigue behavior of CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> modified iron was investigated using rotation bending tests under the influence of simulated body fluid (m-SBF). While the modification using Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> showed reduced fatigue and corrosion-fatigue strengths, it could be demonstrated that the modification with CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is characterized by improved fatigue properties. The superior fatigue properties in air are attributed to the positive impact of dispersion strengthening. Additionally, an increased degradation rate compared to pure iron could be observed, eventually promoting an earlier failure of the specimens in the corrosion fatigue tests.</jats:p>"}],"issue":"1","publication":"npj Materials Degradation","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"302"},{"_id":"321"}],"date_created":"2025-11-18T12:11:06Z","status":"public","user_id":"7266","volume":8,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","_id":"62236","citation":{"mla":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, et al. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Nanoparticle Modified Iron Processed by Electron Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 8, no. 1, 49, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Wackenrohr_Torrent_Herbst_Nürnberger_Krooss_Frenck_Ebbert_Voigt_Grundmeier_Niendorf_et al._2024, title={Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion}, volume={8}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>}, number={149}, journal={npj Materials Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Frenck, Johanna-Maria and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and et al.}, year={2024} }","ama":"Wackenrohr S, Torrent CJJ, Herbst S, et al. Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion. <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>. 2024;8(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>","ieee":"S. Wackenrohr <i>et al.</i>, “Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion,” <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 8, no. 1, Art. no. 49, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>.","apa":"Wackenrohr, S., Torrent, C. J. J., Herbst, S., Nürnberger, F., Krooss, P., Frenck, J.-M., Ebbert, C., Voigt, M., Grundmeier, G., Niendorf, T., &#38; Maier, H. J. (2024). Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion. <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, <i>8</i>(1), Article 49. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>","short":"S. Wackenrohr, C.J.J. Torrent, S. Herbst, F. Nürnberger, P. Krooss, J.-M. Frenck, C. Ebbert, M. Voigt, G. Grundmeier, T. Niendorf, H.J. Maier, Npj Materials Degradation 8 (2024).","chicago":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, Christof Johannes Jaime Torrent, Sebastian Herbst, Florian Nürnberger, Philipp Krooss, Johanna-Maria Frenck, Christoph Ebbert, et al. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Nanoparticle Modified Iron Processed by Electron Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i> 8, no. 1 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w</a>."}},{"date_created":"2022-04-20T07:55:17Z","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Materials Chemistry","Materials Science (miscellaneous)","Chemistry (miscellaneous)","Ceramics and Composites"],"department":[{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"302"},{"_id":"321"}],"publication":"npj Materials Degradation","issue":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pure iron is very attractive as a biodegradable implant material due to its high biocompatibility. In combination with additive manufacturing, which facilitates great flexibility of the implant design, it is possible to selectively adjust the microstructure of the material in the process, thereby control the corrosion and fatigue behavior. In the present study, conventional hot-rolled (HR) pure iron is compared to pure iron manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM). The microstructure, the corrosion behavior and the fatigue properties were studied comprehensively. The investigated sample conditions showed significant differences in the microstructures that led to changes in corrosion and fatigue properties. The EBM iron showed significantly lower fatigue strength compared to the HR iron. These different fatigue responses were observed under purely mechanical loading as well as with superimposed corrosion influence and are summarized in a model that describes the underlying failure mechanisms.</jats:p>"}],"article_number":"18","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4","year":"2022","title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid","author":[{"first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Wackenrohr","full_name":"Wackenrohr, Steffen"},{"last_name":"Torrent","first_name":"Christof Johannes Jaime","full_name":"Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime"},{"last_name":"Herbst","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Herbst, Sebastian"},{"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Nürnberger","full_name":"Nürnberger, Florian"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Krooss","full_name":"Krooss, Philipp"},{"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Ebbert","full_name":"Ebbert, Christoph"},{"id":"15182","first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Voigt","full_name":"Voigt, Markus"},{"id":"194","full_name":"Grundmeier, Guido","first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Grundmeier"},{"last_name":"Niendorf","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Niendorf, Thomas"},{"last_name":"Maier","first_name":"Hans Jürgen","full_name":"Maier, Hans Jürgen"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2397-2106"]},"date_updated":"2022-04-20T07:59:08Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         6","citation":{"chicago":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, Christof Johannes Jaime Torrent, Sebastian Herbst, Florian Nürnberger, Philipp Krooss, Christoph Ebbert, Markus Voigt, Guido Grundmeier, Thomas Niendorf, and Hans Jürgen Maier. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Electron Beam Melted Iron in Simulated Body Fluid.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i> 6, no. 1 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>.","short":"S. Wackenrohr, C.J.J. Torrent, S. Herbst, F. Nürnberger, P. Krooss, C. Ebbert, M. Voigt, G. Grundmeier, T. Niendorf, H.J. Maier, Npj Materials Degradation 6 (2022).","apa":"Wackenrohr, S., Torrent, C. J. J., Herbst, S., Nürnberger, F., Krooss, P., Ebbert, C., Voigt, M., Grundmeier, G., Niendorf, T., &#38; Maier, H. J. (2022). Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid. <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article 18. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>","ieee":"S. Wackenrohr <i>et al.</i>, “Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid,” <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 18, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>.","ama":"Wackenrohr S, Torrent CJJ, Herbst S, et al. Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid. <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>. 2022;6(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>","bibtex":"@article{Wackenrohr_Torrent_Herbst_Nürnberger_Krooss_Ebbert_Voigt_Grundmeier_Niendorf_Maier_2022, title={Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>}, number={118}, journal={npj Materials Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and Maier, Hans Jürgen}, year={2022} }","mla":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, et al. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Electron Beam Melted Iron in Simulated Body Fluid.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, 18, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>."},"_id":"30922","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","user_id":"7266","volume":6,"status":"public"},{"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"302"},{"_id":"321"}],"date_created":"2025-12-18T11:55:16Z","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pure iron is very attractive as a biodegradable implant material due to its high biocompatibility. In combination with additive manufacturing, which facilitates great flexibility of the implant design, it is possible to selectively adjust the microstructure of the material in the process, thereby control the corrosion and fatigue behavior. In the present study, conventional hot-rolled (HR) pure iron is compared to pure iron manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM). The microstructure, the corrosion behavior and the fatigue properties were studied comprehensively. The investigated sample conditions showed significant differences in the microstructures that led to changes in corrosion and fatigue properties. The EBM iron showed significantly lower fatigue strength compared to the HR iron. These different fatigue responses were observed under purely mechanical loading as well as with superimposed corrosion influence and are summarized in a model that describes the underlying failure mechanisms.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"1","publication":"npj Materials Degradation","doi":"10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4","article_number":"18","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-18T11:56:57Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         6","title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid","year":"2022","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2397-2106"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Steffen","last_name":"Wackenrohr","full_name":"Wackenrohr, Steffen"},{"full_name":"Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime","last_name":"Torrent","first_name":"Christof Johannes Jaime"},{"last_name":"Herbst","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Herbst, Sebastian"},{"last_name":"Nürnberger","first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Nürnberger, Florian"},{"full_name":"Krooss, Philipp","last_name":"Krooss","first_name":"Philipp"},{"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Ebbert","full_name":"Ebbert, Christoph","id":"7266"},{"id":"15182","full_name":"Voigt, Markus","last_name":"Voigt","first_name":"Markus"},{"full_name":"Grundmeier, Guido","first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Grundmeier","id":"194"},{"full_name":"Niendorf, Thomas","last_name":"Niendorf","first_name":"Thomas"},{"last_name":"Maier","first_name":"Hans Jürgen","full_name":"Maier, Hans Jürgen"}],"citation":{"ieee":"S. Wackenrohr <i>et al.</i>, “Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid,” <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 18, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>.","apa":"Wackenrohr, S., Torrent, C. J. J., Herbst, S., Nürnberger, F., Krooss, P., Ebbert, C., Voigt, M., Grundmeier, G., Niendorf, T., &#38; Maier, H. J. (2022). Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid. <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article 18. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>","chicago":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, Christof Johannes Jaime Torrent, Sebastian Herbst, Florian Nürnberger, Philipp Krooss, Christoph Ebbert, Markus Voigt, Guido Grundmeier, Thomas Niendorf, and Hans Jürgen Maier. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Electron Beam Melted Iron in Simulated Body Fluid.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i> 6, no. 1 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>.","short":"S. Wackenrohr, C.J.J. Torrent, S. Herbst, F. Nürnberger, P. Krooss, C. Ebbert, M. Voigt, G. Grundmeier, T. Niendorf, H.J. Maier, Npj Materials Degradation 6 (2022).","mla":"Wackenrohr, Steffen, et al. “Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Electron Beam Melted Iron in Simulated Body Fluid.” <i>Npj Materials Degradation</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, 18, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Wackenrohr_Torrent_Herbst_Nürnberger_Krooss_Ebbert_Voigt_Grundmeier_Niendorf_Maier_2022, title={Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>}, number={118}, journal={npj Materials Degradation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and Maier, Hans Jürgen}, year={2022} }","ama":"Wackenrohr S, Torrent CJJ, Herbst S, et al. Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid. <i>npj Materials Degradation</i>. 2022;6(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4\">10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4</a>"},"user_id":"7266","volume":6,"_id":"63206","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","status":"public"}]