[{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["centrifugal differential mobility analysis","2D-measurement","particle characterization","moving reference frame CFD-simulation","transfer function"],"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific properties of complex-shaped technical aerosols—such as partially sintered aggregates formed in combustion processes or structured particles resulting from complex synthesis processes—it is essential to measure more than a single equivalent size. This study examines a novel method for determining a two-dimensional distribution of two distinct particle properties within the size range from 50nm to 1000nm: the Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analyzer (CDMA). The CDMA enables the simultaneous measurement of both mobility and Stokes equivalent diameters, providing a detailed two-dimensional particle property distribution. This, in turn, allows for the extraction of shape-related information, which is essential for characterizing particles in terms of their chemical composition, reactivity, and other physicochemical properties. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of a first CDMA prototype. First, CFD simulations of the flow field within the classifier are presented in order to assess and understand non-idealities arising from the exact geometry. Subsequently, the transfer function is evaluated by particle trajectory calculations based on the simulated flow field. It can be demonstrated that the simulated transfer functions agree quite well with transfer functions derived from streamlines of an ideal flow field, indicating that the non-idealities in the classifying region are almost negligible in their effect on the classification result. An experimental determination of the transfer function shows additional effects not covered by the previous simulations, like broadening by diffusion and losses due to diffusion and precipitation within the in- and outlet of the classifier. Finally, the determined transfer functions are used to determine the full two-dimensional distribution with regard to the mobility and Stokes equivalent diameter of real aerosols, like spherical particles and aggregates at different sintering stages, respectively.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Powders","title":"Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements","date_created":"2025-08-25T16:10:45Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","year":"2025","issue":"2","quality_controlled":"1","funded_apc":"1","article_number":"11","article_type":"original","user_id":"464","_id":"61014","status":"public","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.3390/powders4020011","volume":4,"author":[{"first_name":"Torben Norbert","full_name":"Rüther, Torben Norbert","last_name":"Rüther"},{"last_name":"Gröne","full_name":"Gröne, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"first_name":"Christopher","full_name":"Dechert, Christopher","last_name":"Dechert"},{"first_name":"Hans-Joachim","orcid":"000-0001-8590-1921","last_name":"Schmid","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","id":"464"}],"date_updated":"2025-08-25T16:15:41Z","intvolume":"         4","citation":{"apa":"Rüther, T. N., Gröne, S., Dechert, C., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2025). Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements. <i>Powders</i>, <i>4</i>(2), Article 11. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011</a>","bibtex":"@article{Rüther_Gröne_Dechert_Schmid_2025, title={Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements}, volume={4}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">10.3390/powders4020011</a>}, number={211}, journal={Powders}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Rüther, Torben Norbert and Gröne, Sebastian and Dechert, Christopher and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2025} }","short":"T.N. Rüther, S. Gröne, C. Dechert, H.-J. Schmid, Powders 4 (2025).","mla":"Rüther, Torben Norbert, et al. “Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements.” <i>Powders</i>, vol. 4, no. 2, 11, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">10.3390/powders4020011</a>.","ieee":"T. N. Rüther, S. Gröne, C. Dechert, and H.-J. Schmid, “Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements,” <i>Powders</i>, vol. 4, no. 2, Art. no. 11, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">10.3390/powders4020011</a>.","chicago":"Rüther, Torben Norbert, Sebastian Gröne, Christopher Dechert, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements.” <i>Powders</i> 4, no. 2 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011</a>.","ama":"Rüther TN, Gröne S, Dechert C, Schmid H-J. Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analysis—Validation and First Two-Dimensional Measurements. <i>Powders</i>. 2025;4(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders4020011\">10.3390/powders4020011</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2674-0516"]},"publication_status":"published"},{"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>The current investigation shows the feasibility of 316L steel powder production via three different argon gas atomisation routes (closed coupled atomisation, free fall atomisation with and without hot gas), along with subsequent sample production by laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB). Here, a mixture of pure Fe and atomised 316L steel powder is used for PBF-LB to induce a chemical composition gradient in the microstructure. Optical microscopy and μ-CT investigations proved that the samples processed by PBF-LB exhibit very little porosity. Combined EBSD-EDS measurements show the chemical composition gradient leading to the formation of a local fcc-structure. Upon heat treatment (1100 °C, 14 h), the chemical composition is homogeneous throughout the microstructure. A moderate decrease (1060 to 985 MPa) in the sample’s ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is observed after heat treatment. However, the total elongation of the as-built and heat-treated samples remains the same (≈22%). Similarly, a slight decrease in the hardness from 341 to 307 HV1 is observed upon heat treatment.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","publication":"Powders","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"41492","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"158"}],"user_id":"43720","year":"2023","intvolume":"         2","page":"59-74","citation":{"chicago":"Pramanik, Sudipta, Anatolii Andreiev, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Jan Tobias Krüger, Florian Hengsbach, Alexander Kircheis, Weiyu Zhao, Jörg Fischer-Bühner, and Mirko Schaper. “Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy.” <i>Powders</i> 2, no. 1 (2023): 59–74. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005</a>.","ieee":"S. Pramanik <i>et al.</i>, “Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy,” <i>Powders</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 59–74, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">10.3390/powders2010005</a>.","ama":"Pramanik S, Andreiev A, Hoyer K-P, et al. Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy. <i>Powders</i>. 2023;2(1):59-74. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">10.3390/powders2010005</a>","short":"S. Pramanik, A. Andreiev, K.-P. Hoyer, J.T. Krüger, F. Hengsbach, A. Kircheis, W. Zhao, J. Fischer-Bühner, M. Schaper, Powders 2 (2023) 59–74.","bibtex":"@article{Pramanik_Andreiev_Hoyer_Krüger_Hengsbach_Kircheis_Zhao_Fischer-Bühner_Schaper_2023, title={Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy}, volume={2}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">10.3390/powders2010005</a>}, number={1}, journal={Powders}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Pramanik, Sudipta and Andreiev, Anatolii and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Krüger, Jan Tobias and Hengsbach, Florian and Kircheis, Alexander and Zhao, Weiyu and Fischer-Bühner, Jörg and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2023}, pages={59–74} }","mla":"Pramanik, Sudipta, et al. “Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy.” <i>Powders</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, MDPI AG, 2023, pp. 59–74, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">10.3390/powders2010005</a>.","apa":"Pramanik, S., Andreiev, A., Hoyer, K.-P., Krüger, J. T., Hengsbach, F., Kircheis, A., Zhao, W., Fischer-Bühner, J., &#38; Schaper, M. (2023). Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy. <i>Powders</i>, <i>2</i>(1), 59–74. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005\">https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2010005</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2674-0516"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"1","title":"Powder Production via Atomisation and Subsequent Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Fe+316L Steel Hybrid Alloy","doi":"10.3390/powders2010005","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_updated":"2023-06-01T14:22:00Z","volume":2,"author":[{"first_name":"Sudipta","last_name":"Pramanik","full_name":"Pramanik, Sudipta"},{"first_name":"Anatolii","full_name":"Andreiev, Anatolii","id":"50215","last_name":"Andreiev"},{"first_name":"Kay-Peter","last_name":"Hoyer","id":"48411","full_name":"Hoyer, Kay-Peter"},{"last_name":"Krüger","orcid":"0000-0002-0827-9654","full_name":"Krüger, Jan Tobias","id":"44307","first_name":"Jan Tobias"},{"last_name":"Hengsbach","full_name":"Hengsbach, Florian","first_name":"Florian"},{"first_name":"Alexander","full_name":"Kircheis, Alexander","last_name":"Kircheis"},{"first_name":"Weiyu","full_name":"Zhao, Weiyu","last_name":"Zhao"},{"full_name":"Fischer-Bühner, Jörg","last_name":"Fischer-Bühner","first_name":"Jörg"},{"first_name":"Mirko","last_name":"Schaper","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","id":"43720"}],"date_created":"2023-02-02T14:24:33Z"}]