[{"intvolume":"         3","citation":{"ieee":"T. Schapeler <i>et al.</i>, “Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs,” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, Art. no. 016102, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Isabell Mischke, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” <i>APL Quantum</i> 3, no. 1 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Mischke I, Schlue F, et al. Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2026;3(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Mischke_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2026, title={Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs}, volume={3}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>}, number={1016102}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Mischke, Isabell and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2026} }","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, 016102, AIP Publishing, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","short":"T. Schapeler, I. Mischke, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, APL Quantum 3 (2026).","apa":"Schapeler, T., Mischke, I., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2026). Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs. <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>3</i>(1), Article 016102. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2835-0103"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1063/5.0304127","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"volume":3,"author":[{"last_name":"Schapeler","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629","first_name":"Timon"},{"first_name":"Isabell","full_name":"Mischke, Isabell","last_name":"Mischke"},{"first_name":"Fabian","id":"63579","full_name":"Schlue, Fabian","last_name":"Schlue"},{"full_name":"Stefszky, Michael","id":"42777","last_name":"Stefszky","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Brecht, Benjamin","id":"27150","orcid":"0000-0003-4140-0556 ","last_name":"Brecht","first_name":"Benjamin"},{"last_name":"Silberhorn","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","id":"26263","first_name":"Christine"},{"first_name":"Tim","id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-25T08:00:27Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"016102","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"288"}],"user_id":"27150","_id":"63451","project":[{"_id":"191","name":"PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform"},{"name":"ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications","_id":"239"}],"year":"2026","issue":"1","title":"Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs","date_created":"2026-01-05T10:00:58Z","publisher":"AIP Publishing","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can enable photon-number resolution (PNR) based on accurate measurements of the detector’s response time to few-photon optical pulses. In this work, we investigate the impact of the optical pulse shape and duration on the accuracy of this method. We find that Gaussian temporal pulse shapes yield cleaner arrival-time histograms and, thus, more accurate PNR, compared to bandpass-filtered pulses of equal bandwidth. For low system jitter and an optical pulse duration comparable to the other jitter contributions, photon numbers can be discriminated in our system with a commercial SNSPD. At 60 ps optical pulse duration, photon-number discrimination is significantly reduced. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of using the correct arrival-time histogram model when analyzing photon-number assignment. Using exponentially modified Gaussian distributions, instead of the commonly used Gaussian distributions, we can more accurately determine photon-number misidentification probabilities. Finally, we reconstruct the positive operator-valued measures of the detector, revealing sharp features that indicate the intrinsic PNR capabilities.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"APL Quantum","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"title":"Bipartite entanglement extracted from multimode squeezed light generated in lossy waveguides","doi":"10.1063/5.0293116","publisher":"AIP Publishing","date_updated":"2026-01-12T13:23:36Z","volume":2,"date_created":"2026-01-12T13:18:51Z","author":[{"id":"98502","full_name":"Kopylov, Denis","last_name":"Kopylov","first_name":"Denis"},{"first_name":"Torsten","orcid":"0000-0001-8864-2072","last_name":"Meier","full_name":"Meier, Torsten","id":"344"},{"last_name":"Sharapova","full_name":"Sharapova, Polina R.","id":"60286","first_name":"Polina R."}],"year":"2025","intvolume":"         2","citation":{"chicago":"Kopylov, Denis, Torsten Meier, and Polina R. Sharapova. “Bipartite Entanglement Extracted from Multimode Squeezed Light Generated in Lossy Waveguides.” <i>APL Quantum</i> 2, no. 4 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116</a>.","ieee":"D. Kopylov, T. Meier, and P. R. Sharapova, “Bipartite entanglement extracted from multimode squeezed light generated in lossy waveguides,” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 2, no. 4, Art. no. 046116, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">10.1063/5.0293116</a>.","ama":"Kopylov D, Meier T, Sharapova PR. Bipartite entanglement extracted from multimode squeezed light generated in lossy waveguides. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2025;2(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">10.1063/5.0293116</a>","mla":"Kopylov, Denis, et al. “Bipartite Entanglement Extracted from Multimode Squeezed Light Generated in Lossy Waveguides.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 2, no. 4, 046116, AIP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">10.1063/5.0293116</a>.","short":"D. Kopylov, T. Meier, P.R. Sharapova, APL Quantum 2 (2025).","bibtex":"@article{Kopylov_Meier_Sharapova_2025, title={Bipartite entanglement extracted from multimode squeezed light generated in lossy waveguides}, volume={2}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">10.1063/5.0293116</a>}, number={4046116}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Kopylov, Denis and Meier, Torsten and Sharapova, Polina R.}, year={2025} }","apa":"Kopylov, D., Meier, T., &#38; Sharapova, P. R. (2025). Bipartite entanglement extracted from multimode squeezed light generated in lossy waveguides. <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>2</i>(4), Article 046116. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0293116</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2835-0103"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"4","article_number":"046116","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"63562","project":[{"_id":"53","name":"TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten zu funktionellen Strukturen"},{"_id":"56","name":"TRR 142 - Project Area C"},{"_id":"174","name":"TRR 142 ; TP: C10: Erzeugung und Charakterisierung von Quantenlicht in nichtlinearen Systemen: Eine theoretische Analyse"},{"name":"PhoQC: Photonisches Quantencomputing","_id":"266"}],"department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"569"},{"_id":"170"},{"_id":"293"},{"_id":"429"},{"_id":"230"},{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"35"}],"user_id":"16199","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Entangled two-mode Gaussian states constitute an important building block for continuous variable quantum computing and communication protocols. In this work, we theoretically study two-mode bipartite states, which are extracted from multimode light generated via type-II parametric downconversion (PDC) in lossy waveguides. For these states, we demonstrate that the squeezing quantifies entanglement and we construct a measurement basis, which results in the maximal bipartite entanglement. We illustrate our findings by numerically solving the spatial master equation for PDC in a Markovian environment. The optimal measurement modes are compared with two widely used broadband bases: the Mercer–Wolf basis (the first-order coherence basis) and the Williamson–Euler basis.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","publication":"APL Quantum","type":"journal_article"},{"volume":1,"author":[{"first_name":"David","full_name":"Bauch, David","last_name":"Bauch"},{"first_name":"Nikolas","last_name":"Köcher","full_name":"Köcher, Nikolas","id":"79191"},{"first_name":"Nils","orcid":"0009-0006-0984-2097","last_name":"Heinisch","full_name":"Heinisch, Nils","id":"90283"},{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"27271","full_name":"Schumacher, Stefan","last_name":"Schumacher","orcid":"0000-0003-4042-4951"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-12T11:11:32Z","doi":"10.1063/5.0214197","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2835-0103"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         1","citation":{"chicago":"Bauch, David, Nikolas Köcher, Nils Heinisch, and Stefan Schumacher. “Time-Bin Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation of Linear Photonic Cluster States.” <i>APL Quantum</i> 1, no. 3 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>.","ieee":"D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, and S. Schumacher, “Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states,” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, Art. no. 036110, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.","ama":"Bauch D, Köcher N, Heinisch N, Schumacher S. Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2024;1(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>","bibtex":"@article{Bauch_Köcher_Heinisch_Schumacher_2024, title={Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states}, volume={1}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>}, number={3036110}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Bauch, David and Köcher, Nikolas and Heinisch, Nils and Schumacher, Stefan}, year={2024} }","mla":"Bauch, David, et al. “Time-Bin Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation of Linear Photonic Cluster States.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, 036110, AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.","short":"D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, S. Schumacher, APL Quantum 1 (2024).","apa":"Bauch, D., Köcher, N., Heinisch, N., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states. <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>1</i>(3), Article 036110. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>"},"department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"170"},{"_id":"297"},{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"230"},{"_id":"27"},{"_id":"429"},{"_id":"623"}],"user_id":"16199","_id":"61251","project":[{"name":"TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten zu funktionellen Strukturen","_id":"53"},{"name":"TRR 142 - Project Area C","_id":"56"},{"_id":"173","name":"TRR 142; TP C09: Ideale Erzeugung von Photonenpaaren für Verschränkungsaustausch bei Telekom Wellenlängen"},{"name":"Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing","_id":"52"},{"_id":"266","name":"PhoQC: Photonisches Quantencomputing"}],"article_number":"036110","type":"journal_article","status":"public","date_created":"2025-09-12T11:08:59Z","publisher":"AIP Publishing","title":"Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states","issue":"3","year":"2024","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"APL Quantum","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>We theoretically investigate strategies for the deterministic creation of trains of time-bin entangled photons using an individual quantum emitter described by a Λ-type electronic system. We explicitly demonstrate the theoretical generation of linear cluster states with substantial numbers of entangled photonic qubits in full microscopic numerical simulations. The underlying scheme is based on the manipulation of ground state coherences through precise optical driving. One important finding is that the most easily accessible quality metrics, the achievable rotation fidelities, fall short in assessing the actual quantum correlations of the emitted photons in the face of losses. To address this, we explicitly calculate stabilizer generator expectation values as a superior gauge for the quantum properties of the generated many-photon state. With widespread applicability in other emitter and excitation–emission schemes also, our work lays the conceptual foundations for an in-depth practical analysis of time-bin entanglement based on full numerical simulations with predictive capabilities for realistic systems and setups, including losses and imperfections. The specific results shown in the present work illustrate that with controlled minimization of losses and realistic system parameters for quantum-dot type systems, useful linear cluster states of significant lengths can be generated in the calculations, discussing the possibility of scalability for quantum information processing endeavors.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"036110","user_id":"16199","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"170"},{"_id":"297"},{"_id":"705"},{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"27"},{"_id":"429"},{"_id":"230"},{"_id":"623"}],"project":[{"name":"Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing","_id":"52"},{"_id":"173","name":"TRR 142; TP C09: Ideale Erzeugung von Photonenpaaren für Verschränkungsaustausch bei Telekom Wellenlängen"},{"name":"PhoQC: Photonisches Quantencomputing","_id":"266"},{"_id":"53","name":"TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten zu funktionellen Strukturen"},{"_id":"56","name":"TRR 142 - Project Area C"}],"_id":"62868","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>We theoretically investigate strategies for the deterministic creation of trains of time-bin entangled photons using an individual quantum emitter described by a Λ-type electronic system. We explicitly demonstrate the theoretical generation of linear cluster states with substantial numbers of entangled photonic qubits in full microscopic numerical simulations. The underlying scheme is based on the manipulation of ground state coherences through precise optical driving. One important finding is that the most easily accessible quality metrics, the achievable rotation fidelities, fall short in assessing the actual quantum correlations of the emitted photons in the face of losses. To address this, we explicitly calculate stabilizer generator expectation values as a superior gauge for the quantum properties of the generated many-photon state. With widespread applicability in other emitter and excitation–emission schemes also, our work lays the conceptual foundations for an in-depth practical analysis of time-bin entanglement based on full numerical simulations with predictive capabilities for realistic systems and setups, including losses and imperfections. The specific results shown in the present work illustrate that with controlled minimization of losses and realistic system parameters for quantum-dot type systems, useful linear cluster states of significant lengths can be generated in the calculations, discussing the possibility of scalability for quantum information processing endeavors.</jats:p>"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"APL Quantum","doi":"10.1063/5.0214197","title":"Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states","date_created":"2025-12-04T12:35:53Z","author":[{"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bauch","full_name":"Bauch, David"},{"last_name":"Köcher","id":"79191","full_name":"Köcher, Nikolas","first_name":"Nikolas"},{"last_name":"Heinisch","orcid":"0009-0006-0984-2097","id":"90283","full_name":"Heinisch, Nils","first_name":"Nils"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-4042-4951","last_name":"Schumacher","full_name":"Schumacher, Stefan","id":"27271","first_name":"Stefan"}],"volume":1,"date_updated":"2025-12-05T13:55:00Z","publisher":"AIP Publishing","citation":{"mla":"Bauch, David, et al. “Time-Bin Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation of Linear Photonic Cluster States.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, 036110, AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.","short":"D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, S. Schumacher, APL Quantum 1 (2024).","bibtex":"@article{Bauch_Köcher_Heinisch_Schumacher_2024, title={Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states}, volume={1}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>}, number={3036110}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Bauch, David and Köcher, Nikolas and Heinisch, Nils and Schumacher, Stefan}, year={2024} }","apa":"Bauch, D., Köcher, N., Heinisch, N., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states. <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>1</i>(3), Article 036110. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>","ama":"Bauch D, Köcher N, Heinisch N, Schumacher S. Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2024;1(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>","ieee":"D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, and S. Schumacher, “Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states,” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, Art. no. 036110, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.","chicago":"Bauch, David, Nikolas Köcher, Nils Heinisch, and Stefan Schumacher. “Time-Bin Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation of Linear Photonic Cluster States.” <i>APL Quantum</i> 1, no. 3 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>."},"intvolume":"         1","year":"2024","issue":"3","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2835-0103"]}}]