---
_id: '58472'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The “kill chain”—involving the analysis of data by human users of military
    technologies, the understanding of that data, and human decisions—has fast been
    replaced by the “kill cloud” that necessitates, allows, and exacerbates increased
    thirst for domination, violence against distant populations, and a culture of
    experimentation with human lives. This commentary reports an interdisciplinary
    discussion organised by the Disruption Network Lab that brought together whistleblowers,
    artists, and experts investigating the impact of artificial intelligence and other
    emerging technologies on networked warfare. Exposing the problematics of networked
    warfare and the kill cloud, their colonial overtones, effects on human subjects
    in real life, erroneous scientific rationalities, and the (business) practices
    and logics that enable this algorithmic machinery of violence. The conference
    took place from the 29th of November to the 1st of December 2024 at the Kunstquartier
    Bethanien in Berlin, Germany.
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Ishmael
  full_name: Bhila, Ishmael
  id: '105772'
  last_name: Bhila
citation:
  ama: 'Bhila I. Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons
    &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>. 2025;6(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>'
  apa: 'Bhila, I. (2025). Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous
    weapons &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>, <i>6</i>(4). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Bhila_2025, title={Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare,
    autonomous weapons &#38; AI}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>},
    number={4}, journal={Digital War}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media
    LLC}, author={Bhila, Ishmael}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous
    Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i> 6, no. 4 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.'
  ieee: 'I. Bhila, “Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous
    weapons &#38; AI,” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.'
  mla: 'Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous
    Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.'
  short: I. Bhila, Digital War 6 (2025).
date_created: 2025-01-31T13:40:36Z
date_updated: 2025-01-31T13:43:54Z
doi: 10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- autonomous weapons systems
- algorithmic warfare
- cloud computing
- war on terror
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x#article-info
oa: '1'
publication: Digital War
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2662-1975
  - 2662-1983
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: 'Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons & AI'
type: journal_article
user_id: '105772'
volume: 6
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '56282'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Algorithmic bias has long been recognized as a key problem affecting decision-making
    processes that integrate artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The increased
    use of AI in making military decisions relevant to the use of force has sustained
    such questions about biases in these technologies and in how human users programme
    with and rely on data based on hierarchized socio-cultural norms, knowledges,
    and modes of attention.\r\n\r\nIn this post, Dr Ingvild Bode, Professor at the
    Center for War Studies, University of Southern Denmark, and Ishmael Bhila, PhD
    researcher at the “Meaningful Human Control: Between Regulation and Reflexion”
    project, Paderborn University, unpack the problem of algorithmic bias with reference
    to AI-based decision support systems (AI DSS). They examine three categories of
    algorithmic bias – preexisting bias, technical bias, and emergent bias – across
    four lifecycle stages of an AI DSS, concluding that stakeholders in the ongoing
    discussion about AI in the military domain should consider the impact of algorithmic
    bias on AI DSS more seriously."
author:
- first_name: Ishmael
  full_name: Bhila, Ishmael
  id: '105772'
  last_name: Bhila
- first_name: Ingvild
  full_name: Bode, Ingvild
  last_name: Bode
citation:
  ama: Bhila I, Bode I. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision
    Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog; 2024.
  apa: Bhila, I., &#38; Bode, I. (2024). <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based
    military decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog.
  bibtex: '@book{Bhila_Bode_2024, title={The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based
    military decision support systems}, publisher={ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy
    Blog}, author={Bhila, Ishmael and Bode, Ingvild}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in
    AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy
    Blog, 2024.
  ieee: I. Bhila and I. Bode, <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military
    decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.
  mla: Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based
    Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog,
    2024.
  short: I. Bhila, I. Bode, The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision
    Support Systems, ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.
date_created: 2024-09-30T11:44:28Z
date_updated: 2024-11-26T09:49:48Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Algorithmic Bias
- AI
- Decision Support Systems
- Autonomous Weapons Systems
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/
oa: '1'
publication_status: published
publisher: ICRC Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/
status: public
title: The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems
type: misc
user_id: '105772'
year: '2024'
...