---
_id: '66282'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of pistachio shells was performed in a high-pressure
    batch reactor at 200 °C for 2 h, yielding a carbon-enriched hydrochar. Elemental
    analysis shows an increase in carbon mass fraction from 44.76 % to 54.09 % and
    a decrease in atomic O/C and H/C ratios, confirming carbonization as visualized
    in a Van Krevelen diagram. The hydrochar was chemically activated by potassium
    hydroxide (KOH) impregnation and thermal treatment, yielding 16–28 wt.% activated
    hydrochar. Adsorption isotherms were determined in a thermogravimetric, fluidized-bed
    reactor using a stepwise CO2 concentration program limited to 50 vol.% CO2 in
    N2 (0–5–10–25–50–0 vol.% CO2 at 100 kPa total pressure). The setup was extended
    by integrating online gas analysis to provide an independent, time-resolved mass-balance
    cross-check. Validation was performed using Lewatit VP OC 1065 by an internal
    Langmuir parity check and comparison with literature-based Toth model representations;
    gas analysis is demonstrated using a representative low-concentration step and
    by comparing Langmuir models derived from gas-based versus gravimetric loadings
    at 50 °C. For activated hydrochar, equilibrium points were obtained up to 50 vol.%
    CO2 (pCO2 ≈ 50 kPa) and show decreasing loading with increasing temperature. For
    literature comparison and indicative saturation reporting, isotherm fits were
    extrapolated to pure CO2 at 100 kPa: the maximum loading derived from the raw
    weighing signal was 1.84 mmol/g; after buoyancy correction, the corresponding
    value is 1.45 mmol/g.'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Kroiß, Christoph
  last_name: Kroiß
- first_name: Rafat
  full_name: Al Afif, Rafat
  last_name: Al Afif
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Pröll, Tobias
  last_name: Pröll
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Pfeifer, Christoph
  last_name: Pfeifer
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Weinberger, Christian
  id: '11848'
  last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: Gregor
  full_name: Tondl, Gregor
  last_name: Tondl
citation:
  ama: Kroiß C, Al Afif R, Pröll T, Pfeifer C, Weinberger C, Tondl G. Validation of
    a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2
    capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>.
    Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>
  apa: Kroiß, C., Al Afif, R., Pröll, T., Pfeifer, C., Weinberger, C., &#38; Tondl,
    G. (2026). Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated
    gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover
    Applied Sciences</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kroiß_Al Afif_Pröll_Pfeifer_Weinberger_Tondl_2026, title={Validation
    of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2
    capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>},
    journal={Discover Applied Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC}, author={Kroiß, Christoph and Al Afif, Rafat and Pröll, Tobias and
    Pfeifer, Christoph and Weinberger, Christian and Tondl, Gregor}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Kroiß, Christoph, Rafat Al Afif, Tobias Pröll, Christoph Pfeifer, Christian
    Weinberger, and Gregor Tondl. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric
    Method with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from
    Pistachio Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, and G. Tondl,
    “Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis
    for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells,” <i>Discover Applied
    Sciences</i>, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.'
  mla: Kroiß, Christoph, et al. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric Method
    with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from Pistachio
    Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, Springer Science and Business Media
    LLC, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.
  short: C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, G. Tondl, Discover
    Applied Sciences (2026).
date_created: 2026-07-06T11:30:48Z
date_updated: 2026-07-20T08:18:24Z
doi: 10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7
keyword:
- Hydrothermal carbonization
- Activated hydrochar
- CO2 adsorption
- Adsorption isotherms
- Thermogravimetric analysis
- Gas analysis
- Method validation
- Carbon capture
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7
oa: '1'
publication: Discover Applied Sciences
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 3004-9261
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas
  analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells
type: journal_article
user_id: '11848'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '45571'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Self-templating is a facile strategy for synthesizing porous carbons by direct
    pyrolysis of organic metal salts. However, the method typically suffers from low
    yields (<4%) and limited specific surface areas (SSA<2000 m2 g−1) originating
    from low activity of metal cations (e.g., K+ or Na+) in promoting construction
    and activation of carbon frameworks. Here we use cesium acetate as the only precursor
    of oxo-carbons with large SSA of the order of 3000 m2 g−1, pore volume approaching
    2 cm3 g−1, tunable oxygen contents, and yields of up to 15 %. We unravel the role
    of Cs+ as an efficient promoter of framework formation, templating and etching
    agent, while acetates act as carbon/oxygen sources of carbonaceous frameworks.
    The oxo-carbons show record-high CO2 uptake of 8.71 mmol g−1 and an ultimate specific
    capacitance of 313 F g−1 in the supercapacitor. This study helps to understand
    and rationally tailor the materials design by a still rare organic solid-state
    chemistry.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jiaxin
  full_name: Li, Jiaxin
  last_name: Li
- first_name: Janina
  full_name: Kossmann, Janina
  last_name: Kossmann
- first_name: Ke
  full_name: Zeng, Ke
  last_name: Zeng
- first_name: Kun
  full_name: Zhang, Kun
  last_name: Zhang
- first_name: Bingjie
  full_name: Wang, Bingjie
  last_name: Wang
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Weinberger, Christian
  id: '11848'
  last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Antonietti, Markus
  last_name: Antonietti
- first_name: Mateusz
  full_name: Odziomek, Mateusz
  last_name: Odziomek
- first_name: Nieves
  full_name: López‐Salas, Nieves
  last_name: López‐Salas
citation:
  ama: 'Li J, Kossmann J, Zeng K, et al. When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets
    Self‐Templating: Metal Acetates as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons.
    <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. Published online 2023. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">10.1002/anie.202217808</a>'
  apa: 'Li, J., Kossmann, J., Zeng, K., Zhang, K., Wang, B., Weinberger, C., Antonietti,
    M., Odziomek, M., &#38; López‐Salas, N. (2023). When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry
    Meets Self‐Templating: Metal Acetates as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous
    Carbons. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Li_Kossmann_Zeng_Zhang_Wang_Weinberger_Antonietti_Odziomek_López‐Salas_2023,
    title={When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets Self‐Templating: Metal Acetates
    as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">10.1002/anie.202217808</a>},
    journal={Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Li,
    Jiaxin and Kossmann, Janina and Zeng, Ke and Zhang, Kun and Wang, Bingjie and
    Weinberger, Christian and Antonietti, Markus and Odziomek, Mateusz and López‐Salas,
    Nieves}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Li, Jiaxin, Janina Kossmann, Ke Zeng, Kun Zhang, Bingjie Wang, Christian
    Weinberger, Markus Antonietti, Mateusz Odziomek, and Nieves López‐Salas. “When
    High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets Self‐Templating: Metal Acetates as Building
    Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons.” <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Li <i>et al.</i>, “When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets Self‐Templating:
    Metal Acetates as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons,” <i>Angewandte
    Chemie International Edition</i>, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">10.1002/anie.202217808</a>.'
  mla: 'Li, Jiaxin, et al. “When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets Self‐Templating:
    Metal Acetates as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons.” <i>Angewandte
    Chemie International Edition</i>, Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202217808">10.1002/anie.202217808</a>.'
  short: J. Li, J. Kossmann, K. Zeng, K. Zhang, B. Wang, C. Weinberger, M. Antonietti,
    M. Odziomek, N. López‐Salas, Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2023).
date_created: 2023-06-12T07:42:09Z
date_updated: 2024-03-21T12:01:33Z
doi: 10.1002/anie.202217808
keyword:
- CO2 Adsorption
- Cesium Acetate
- Cesium Effect
- Porous Carbons
- Supercapacitor
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Angewandte Chemie International Edition
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0044-8249
  - 1521-3757
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
status: public
title: 'When High‐Temperature Cesium Chemistry Meets Self‐Templating: Metal Acetates
  as Building Blocks of Unusual Highly Porous Carbons'
type: journal_article
user_id: '11848'
year: '2023'
...