[{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2023, title={An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>}, booktitle={2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2023} }","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors. In: <i>2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2023.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for All Power Factors.” In <i>2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>.","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors,” presented at the 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), Aalborg, Denmark, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>.","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2023). An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors. <i>2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe)</i>. 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), Aalborg, Denmark. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for All Power Factors.” <i>2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313\">10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313</a>."},"user_id":"34289","_id":"48352","publisher":"IEEE","conference":{"location":"Aalborg, Denmark","start_date":"2023-09-04","name":"2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23 ECCE Europe)","end_date":"2023-09-08"},"status":"public","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Solid-State Transformer","Capacitor voltage ripple","Zero sequence voltage","Third harmonic injection"],"type":"conference","date_created":"2023-10-20T07:13:32Z","abstract":[{"text":"Star-connected cascaded H-bridge Converters require large DC-link capacitors to buffer the second-order harmonic voltage ripple. First, it is analytically proven that the DC-link voltage ripple is proportional to the apparent converter power and does not depend on the power factor for nominal operation with sinusoidal reference arm voltages and currents. A third-harmonic zero-sequence voltage injection with an optimal amplitude and phase angle transforms the 2nd harmonic to a 4th harmonic DC-link voltage ripple. This reduces the voltage ripple by exactly 50% for all power factors at steady-state at balanced conditions. However, this requires 54% additional modules for unity power factor operation and even 100% for pure reactive power operation to account for the increased reference arm voltages due to the large amplitude of the optimal third-harmonic injection. If not enough modules are available, an adaptive discontinuous PWM is utilized to still minimize the voltage ripple for the given number of modules and power factor. With a very limited number of modules (modulation index is 1.15), the proposed method still reduces the DC-link voltage ripple by 24.4% for unity power factor operation. It requires the same number of modules as the commonly utilized 3rd harmonic injection with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude and achieves superior results. Simulations of a 10 kV/1 MVA system confirm the analysis.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23 ECCE Europe)","doi":"10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10264313"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-10-20T10:01:02Z","author":[{"last_name":"Unruh","first_name":"Roland","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"id":"66","last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","first_name":"Joachim","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim"},{"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","id":"71291"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["979-8-3503-1678-0"]},"title":"An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors","year":"2023"},{"conference":{"location":"Hanover, Germany","start_date":"2022-09-05","name":"24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)","end_date":"2022-09-09"},"author":[{"last_name":"Unruh","first_name":"Roland","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"id":"71291","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank"},{"id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","last_name":"Böcker","first_name":"Joachim","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-9-0758-1539-9"]},"year":"2022","title":"Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%","status":"public","date_updated":"2023-10-23T09:04:23Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"34176","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"IEEE","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9907278"}],"user_id":"34289","citation":{"mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%.” <i>24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2022.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Schafmeister_Böcker_2022, title={Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%}, booktitle={24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Schafmeister, Frank and Böcker, Joachim}, year={2022} }","ama":"Unruh R, Schafmeister F, Böcker J. Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%. In: <i>24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2022.","ieee":"R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, and J. Böcker, “Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%,” presented at the 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe), Hanover, Germany, 2022.","apa":"Unruh, R., Schafmeister, F., &#38; Böcker, J. (2022). Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%. <i>24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)</i>. 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe), Hanover, Germany.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Frank Schafmeister, and Joachim Böcker. “Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%.” In <i>24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2022.","short":"R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, J. Böcker, in: 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2022."},"publication":"24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Cascaded H-bridge Converters (CHBs) are a promising solution in converting power from a three-phase medium voltage of 6.6 kV...30 kV to a lower DC-voltage in the range of 100 V...1 kV to provide pure DC power to applications such as electrolyzers for hydrogen generation, data centers with a DC power distribution and DC microgrids. CHBs can be interpreted as modular multilevel converters with an isolated DC-DC output stage per module, require a large DC-link capacitor for each module to handle the second harmonic voltage ripple caused by the fluctuating input power within a fundamental grid period. Without a zero-sequence voltage injection, star-connected CHBs are operated with approximately sinusoidal arm voltages and currents. The floating star point potential enables to utilize different zero-sequence voltage injection techniques such as a third-harmonic injection with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude or a Min-Max voltage injection. Both well-known methods have the advantage to reduce the peak arm voltage and thereby the number of required modules by 13.4 % (to √ 3 2). This paper proves analytically that the third-harmonic injection with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude reduces the second harmonic voltage ripple by only 15.1 % compared to no-voltage injection for unity power factor operation and balanced grid voltages. Then it is shown, that the Min-Max injection has the often overlooked advantage of reducing the second harmonic voltage ripple by even 18.8 %. By applying the here proposed zero-sequence voltage injection in saturation modulation, the second harmonic voltage ripple of the DC-link capacitors is reduced by even 24.3 %, while still requiring the same number of modules as the Min-Max injection. For a realistic number of reserve modules, the overall energy ripple in the DC-link capacitors is reduced by 40 %."}],"date_created":"2022-12-02T12:47:38Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Solid-State Transformer","Zero sequence voltage","Third harmonic injection","Capacitor voltage ripple"],"type":"conference"},{"type":"conference","keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Solid-State Transformer","Capacitor voltage ripple","Zero sequence voltage","Full-Bridge"],"department":[{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2022-02-21T16:42:30Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A full-bridge modular multilevel converter (MMC) is compared to a half-bridge-based MMC for high-current low-voltage DC-applications such as electrolysis, arc welding or datacenters with DC-power distribution. Usually, modular multilevel converters are used in high-voltage DC-applications (HVDC) in the multiple kV-range, but to meet the needs of a high-current demand at low output voltage levels, the modular converter concept requires adaptations. In the proposed concept, the MMC is used to step-down the three-phase medium-voltage of 10 kV. Therefore, each module is extended by an LLC resonant converter to adapt to the specific electrolyzers DC-voltage range of 142-220V and to provide galvanic isolation. The proposed MMC converter with full-bridge modules uses half the number of modules compared to a half-bridge-based MMC while reducing the voltage ripple by 78% and capacitor losses by 64% by rearranging the same components to ensure identical costs and volume. For additional reliability, a new robust algorithm for balancing conduction losses during the bypass phase is presented."}],"publication":"PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management","citation":{"chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Frank Schafmeister, Norbert Fröhleke, and Joachim Böcker. “1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications.” In <i>PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>. VDE, 2020.","ama":"Unruh R, Schafmeister F, Fröhleke N, Böcker J. 1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications. In: <i>PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>. VDE; 2020.","short":"R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, N. Fröhleke, J. Böcker, in: PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, VDE, 2020.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Schafmeister_Fröhleke_Böcker_2020, title={1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications}, booktitle={PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, publisher={VDE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Schafmeister, Frank and Fröhleke, Norbert and Böcker, Joachim}, year={2020} }","apa":"Unruh, R., Schafmeister, F., Fröhleke, N., &#38; Böcker, J. (2020). 1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications. <i>PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>. PCIM Europe digital days 2020, Germany.","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications.” <i>PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>, VDE, 2020.","ieee":"R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, N. Fröhleke, and J. Böcker, “1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications,” presented at the PCIM Europe digital days 2020, Germany, 2020."},"user_id":"34289","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9178138"}],"_id":"29940","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"VDE","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-10-20T11:52:39Z","year":"2020","status":"public","title":"1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-8007-5245-4"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Unruh","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","id":"71291"},{"last_name":"Fröhleke","first_name":"Norbert","full_name":"Fröhleke, Norbert"},{"id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","last_name":"Böcker","first_name":"Joachim","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295"}],"conference":{"name":"PCIM Europe digital days 2020","start_date":"2020-07-07","location":"Germany","end_date":"2020-07-08"}}]