---
_id: '46534'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We study the effect of education on health (hospital stays, number of diagnosed
    conditions, self-rated poor health, and obesity) over the life-cycle in Germany,
    using compulsory schooling reforms as a source of exogenous variation. Our results
    suggest a positive correlation of health and education which increases over the
    life-cycle. We do not, however, find any positive local average treatment effects
    of an additional year of schooling on health or health care utilization for individuals
    up to age 79. An exception is obesity, where positive effects of schooling start
    to be visible around age 60 and become very large in age group 75-79. The results
    in age group 75-79 need to be interpreted with caution, however, due to small
    sample size and possible problems of attrition.
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
- first_name: Beatrice Baaba
  full_name: Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba
  id: '70577'
  last_name: Tawiah
citation:
  ama: Schmitz H, Tawiah BB. <i>Life-Cycle Health Effects of Compulsory Schooling</i>.
    Vol 1006. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen; 2023.
  apa: Schmitz, H., &#38; Tawiah, B. B. (2023). <i>Life-cycle health effects of compulsory
    schooling</i> (Vol. 1006). RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University
    Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
  bibtex: '@book{Schmitz_Tawiah_2023, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={Life-cycle
    health effects of compulsory schooling}, volume={1006}, publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut
    für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University
    of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Schmitz, Hendrik and Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba}, year={2023},
    collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }'
  chicago: Schmitz, Hendrik, and Beatrice Baaba Tawiah. <i>Life-Cycle Health Effects
    of Compulsory Schooling</i>. Vol. 1006.  Ruhr Economic Papers. RWI - Leibniz-Institut
    für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University
    of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
  ieee: H. Schmitz and B. B. Tawiah, <i>Life-cycle health effects of compulsory schooling</i>,
    vol. 1006. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
  mla: Schmitz, Hendrik, and Beatrice Baaba Tawiah. <i>Life-Cycle Health Effects of
    Compulsory Schooling</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University
    Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
  short: H. Schmitz, B.B. Tawiah, Life-Cycle Health Effects of Compulsory Schooling,
    RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund
    University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
date_created: 2023-08-16T09:51:10Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:51:42Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
intvolume: '      1006'
keyword:
- Education
- health
- life-cycle effects
- compulsory schooling
language:
- iso: eng
publisher: RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
  TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen
series_title: ' Ruhr Economic Papers'
status: public
title: Life-cycle health effects of compulsory schooling
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
volume: 1006
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46536'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We study the effect of education on vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza
    in Germany and Europe. Our identification strategy makes use of changes in compulsory
    schooling laws and allows to estimate local average treatment effects for individuals
    between 59 and 91 years of age. We find no significant effect of an additional
    year of schooling on vaccination status in Germany. Pooling data from Europe,
    we conclude that schooling increases the likelihood to vaccinate against COVID
    by an economically negligible effect of one percentage point (zero for influenza).
    However, we find indications that additional schooling increases fear of side
    effects from COVID vaccination.
author:
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Monsees, Daniel
  last_name: Monsees
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
citation:
  ama: Monsees D, Schmitz H. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen;
    2023.
  apa: Monsees, D., &#38; Schmitz, H. (2023). <i>The effect of compulsory schooling
    on vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i> (Vol. 1011). RWI - Leibniz-Institut
    für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University
    of Duisburg-Essen.
  bibtex: '@book{Monsees_Schmitz_2023, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={The
    effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza}, volume={1011},
    publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Monsees, Daniel
    and Schmitz, Hendrik}, year={2023}, collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }'
  chicago: Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling
    on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol. 1011.  Ruhr Economic Papers.
    RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund
    University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
  ieee: D. Monsees and H. Schmitz, <i>The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza</i>, vol. 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
  mla: Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling
    on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
  short: D. Monsees, H. Schmitz, The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
date_created: 2023-08-16T09:56:03Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:59:18Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
intvolume: '      1011'
keyword:
- COVID
- influenza
- vaccination
- education
- compulsory schooling
language:
- iso: eng
publisher: RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
  TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen
series_title: ' Ruhr Economic Papers'
status: public
title: The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
volume: 1011
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46531'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Compulsory schooling reforms are often used to estimate monetary returns to
    education. Such reforms are unrelated to individual characteristics and preferences
    and thus arguably able to eliminate selection bias. However, as these reforms
    affect a large number of individuals in the relevant age groups, they might have
    spillover effects on individuals not directly affected by the reform. Such spillover
    effects constitute a problem for identification and estimation of returns to schooling.
    As they are difficult to address, they are mostly ignored in the empirical literature.
    I show that the introduction of the compulsory ninth grade in Germany led to a
    labor supply shock that might have increased wages and employment of individuals
    who were not directly subject to the reform and were assumed not to be affected
    in previous research. To investigate in this kinds of spillover effects, I exploit
    the staggered introduction of the compulsory ninth grade across German federal
    states in a difference-in-differences approach. Based on large scale register
    and survey data, I find no evidence for persistent spillover effects for men.
    For women, however, my results suggest that the labor supply shock resulting from
    the reform may have led to a persistent increase in employment and wages.
author:
- first_name: Valentin
  full_name: Schiele, Valentin
  id: '53779'
  last_name: Schiele
citation:
  ama: Schiele V. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling Reform
    in Germany</i>.; 2022.
  apa: Schiele, V. (2022). <i>Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling
    reform in Germany</i>.
  bibtex: '@book{Schiele_2022, title={Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory
    schooling reform in Germany}, author={Schiele, Valentin}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Schiele, Valentin. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling
    Reform in Germany</i>, 2022.
  ieee: V. Schiele, <i>Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform
    in Germany</i>. 2022.
  mla: Schiele, Valentin. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling
    Reform in Germany</i>. 2022.
  short: V. Schiele, Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling Reform
    in Germany, 2022.
date_created: 2023-08-16T09:45:46Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:57:42Z
department:
- _id: '281'
keyword:
- Compulsory schooling
- Education
- Spillover effects
- Cohort size
- Wages
- Employment
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform in Germany
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
year: '2022'
...