---
_id: '63720'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The aging behavior of closed-cell polyurethane (PUR) foam, a material widely
used in household refrigeration, is studied by examining the variation of cell
gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Aging is primarily driven
by gas permeation, wherein the initially present cell gases carbon dioxide and
cyclopentane are progressively replaced by nitrogen and oxygen from the ambient,
resulting in an increased thermal conductivity and reduced insulation performance.
The cell gas composition is measured over 1400 days employing gas chromatography,
and the thermal conductivity of the foam is measured over 190 days. Morphological
foam characteristics, such as average cell diameter, are determined via scanning
electron microscopy and barrier measurements are performed to estimate the effective
diffusion coefficient of oxygen. To simulate the aging process, one-dimensional
and three-dimensional models are developed for both diffusive mass transfer as
well as heat transfer. The present model for the thermal conductivity explicitly
accounts for condensation effects, i.e. partial condensation of cyclopentane and
carbon dioxide occurring at around 12°C, which significantly influences the insulation
behavior of the foam. Sensitivity analyses indicate that an initial cell gas pressure
of approximately 0.7 bar yields results that closely coincide with the experimental
measurements, where the three-dimensional model demonstrates better accuracy.
These measurements and simulations provide valuable insights for evaluating and
predicting the long-term degradation of the insulation performance of PUR foams.
article_number: '129850'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Schumacher, Daniel
last_name: Schumacher
- first_name: Gabriela
full_name: Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela
last_name: Guevara-Carrion
- first_name: Tina
full_name: Kasper, Tina
id: '94562'
last_name: Kasper
orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
- first_name: Andreas
full_name: Paul, Andreas
id: '7828'
last_name: Paul
- first_name: Andreas
full_name: Elsner, Andreas
id: '16124'
last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Bettina
full_name: Peters, Bettina
id: '62920'
last_name: Peters
- first_name: Wenke
full_name: Wollny, Wenke
last_name: Wollny
- first_name: Marcus
full_name: Bluemel, Marcus
last_name: Bluemel
- first_name: Heike
full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Nicola
full_name: Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola
last_name: Brzoska-Steinhaus
- first_name: Klaus
full_name: Heil, Klaus
last_name: Heil
- first_name: Lukas
full_name: Schleelein, Lukas
last_name: Schleelein
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
last_name: Becker
- first_name: Ulrich
full_name: Gries, Ulrich
last_name: Gries
- first_name: Jadran
full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
last_name: Vrabec
citation:
ama: 'Schumacher D, Guevara-Carrion G, Kasper T, et al. Aging of polyurethane foam:
Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity.
Applied Thermal Engineering. 2026;289. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850'
apa: 'Schumacher, D., Guevara-Carrion, G., Kasper, T., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Peters,
B., Wollny, W., Bluemel, M., Hoelscher, H., Brzoska-Steinhaus, N., Heil, K., Schleelein,
L., Becker, W., Gries, U., & Vrabec, J. (2026). Aging of polyurethane foam:
Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 289, Article 129850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850'
bibtex: '@article{Schumacher_Guevara-Carrion_Kasper_Paul_Elsner_Peters_Wollny_Bluemel_Hoelscher_Brzoska-Steinhaus_et
al._2026, title={Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling
of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity}, volume={289}, DOI={10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850},
number={129850}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Schumacher, Daniel and Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela and Kasper, Tina and
Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Peters, Bettina and Wollny, Wenke and Bluemel,
Marcus and Hoelscher, Heike and Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola and et al.}, year={2026}
}'
chicago: 'Schumacher, Daniel, Gabriela Guevara-Carrion, Tina Kasper, Andreas Paul,
Andreas Elsner, Bettina Peters, Wenke Wollny, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam:
Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.”
Applied Thermal Engineering 289 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850.'
ieee: 'D. Schumacher et al., “Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis
and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity,” Applied Thermal
Engineering, vol. 289, Art. no. 129850, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850.'
mla: 'Schumacher, Daniel, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam: Experimental Analysis
and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.” Applied Thermal
Engineering, vol. 289, 129850, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850.'
short: D. Schumacher, G. Guevara-Carrion, T. Kasper, A. Paul, A. Elsner, B. Peters,
W. Wollny, M. Bluemel, H. Hoelscher, N. Brzoska-Steinhaus, K. Heil, L. Schleelein,
W. Becker, U. Gries, J. Vrabec, Applied Thermal Engineering 289 (2026).
date_created: 2026-01-23T12:48:07Z
date_updated: 2026-01-23T12:53:26Z
department:
- _id: '728'
doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850
intvolume: ' 289'
keyword:
- Polyurethane
- Foam
- Gas permeation
- Diffusion models
- Thermal conductivity
- Condensation
- Gas chromatography
- Scanning electron microscopy
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Applied Thermal Engineering
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1359-4311
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas
composition and thermal conductivity'
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 289
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '62809'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Superhierarchically rough films are rapidly synthesised on metal substrates
via electrochemically triggered self-assembly of meso/macroporous-structured metal-organic
framework (MOF) crystals. These coatings are applied to immobilise a functional
oil with low surface energy to provide stable coatings repellent to a wide range
of hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic fluids. Such omniphobic surfaces are highly
interesting for several applications such as anti-fouling, anti-icing, and dropwise
condensation, and become easily scalable with the presented bottom-up fabrication
approach. As investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM),
the presented perfluorinated oil-infused Cu-BTC coating constitutes of a flat
liquid-covered surface with protruding edges of octahedral superstructured MOF
crystals. Water and non-polar diiodomethane droplets form considerably high contact
angles and even low-surface-tension fluids, e.g. acetone, form droplets on the
infused coating. The repellent properties towards the test fluids do not change
upon extended water spraying in contrast to oil-infused porous copper oxide or
native copper surfaces. It is discussed in detail, how the presented electrodeposited
MOF films grow and provide a proficient surface morphology to stabilise the functional
oil film due to hemiwicking.
article_number: '15400'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jakob
full_name: Sablowski, Jakob
last_name: Sablowski
- first_name: Julia
full_name: Linnemann, Julia
id: '116779'
last_name: Linnemann
orcid: 0000-0001-6883-5424
- first_name: Simone
full_name: Hempel, Simone
last_name: Hempel
- first_name: Volker
full_name: Hoffmann, Volker
last_name: Hoffmann
- first_name: Simon
full_name: Unz, Simon
last_name: Unz
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Beckmann, Michael
last_name: Beckmann
- first_name: Lars
full_name: Giebeler, Lars
last_name: Giebeler
citation:
ama: Sablowski J, Linnemann J, Hempel S, et al. Electrodeposited metal-organic framework
films as self-assembled hierarchically superstructured supports for stable omniphobic
surface coatings. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4
apa: Sablowski, J., Linnemann, J., Hempel, S., Hoffmann, V., Unz, S., Beckmann,
M., & Giebeler, L. (2018). Electrodeposited metal-organic framework films
as self-assembled hierarchically superstructured supports for stable omniphobic
surface coatings. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 15400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4
bibtex: '@article{Sablowski_Linnemann_Hempel_Hoffmann_Unz_Beckmann_Giebeler_2018,
title={Electrodeposited metal-organic framework films as self-assembled hierarchically
superstructured supports for stable omniphobic surface coatings}, volume={8},
DOI={10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4},
number={115400}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and
Business Media LLC}, author={Sablowski, Jakob and Linnemann, Julia and Hempel,
Simone and Hoffmann, Volker and Unz, Simon and Beckmann, Michael and Giebeler,
Lars}, year={2018} }'
chicago: Sablowski, Jakob, Julia Linnemann, Simone Hempel, Volker Hoffmann, Simon
Unz, Michael Beckmann, and Lars Giebeler. “Electrodeposited Metal-Organic Framework
Films as Self-Assembled Hierarchically Superstructured Supports for Stable Omniphobic
Surface Coatings.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4.
ieee: 'J. Sablowski et al., “Electrodeposited metal-organic framework films
as self-assembled hierarchically superstructured supports for stable omniphobic
surface coatings,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, Art. no. 15400, 2018,
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4.'
mla: Sablowski, Jakob, et al. “Electrodeposited Metal-Organic Framework Films as
Self-Assembled Hierarchically Superstructured Supports for Stable Omniphobic Surface
Coatings.” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, 15400, Springer Science and
Business Media LLC, 2018, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4.
short: J. Sablowski, J. Linnemann, S. Hempel, V. Hoffmann, S. Unz, M. Beckmann,
L. Giebeler, Scientific Reports 8 (2018).
date_created: 2025-12-03T15:48:43Z
date_updated: 2025-12-03T16:34:02Z
department:
- _id: '985'
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33542-4
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 8'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- electrodeposition
- metal-organic framework
- MOF
- drop-wise condensation
- omniphobic coatings
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
publication: Scientific Reports
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2045-2322
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Electrodeposited metal-organic framework films as self-assembled hierarchically
superstructured supports for stable omniphobic surface coatings
type: journal_article
user_id: '116779'
volume: 8
year: '2018'
...