@article{34442,
  abstract     = {{Radial shaft seals are used in a variety of applications, where rotating shafts in steady housings have to be sealed. Typical examples are crankshafts, camshafts, differential gear or hydraulic pumps. In the operating state the elastomeric seal ring and the shaft are separated by a lubrication film of just a few micrometers. Due to shear strain and fluid friction the contact area is subject to a higher temperature than the rest of the seal ring. The stiffness of the elastomeric material is intensely influenced by this temperature and thus contact pressure, friction and wear also strongly depend on the contact temperature. In order to simulate the contact behavior of elastomer seal rings it is essential to use a comprehensive approach which takes into consideration the interaction of temperature, friction and wear. Based on this idea a macroscopic simulation model has been developed at the MEGT. It combines a finite element approach for the simulation of contact pressure at different wear states, a semi-analytical approach for the calculation of contact temperature and an empirical approach for the calculation of friction. In this paper the model setup is presented, as well as simulation and experimental results.}},
  author       = {{Frölich, D. and Magyar, Balázs and Sauer, B.}},
  issn         = {{0043-1648}},
  journal      = {{Wear}},
  keywords     = {{Radial shaft seal ring, Contact temperature, Wear, Friction torque, Finite element simulation}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{71--80}},
  title        = {{{A comprehensive model of wear, friction and contact temperature in radial shaft seals}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.030}},
  volume       = {{311}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{9772,
  abstract     = {{A profound description of friction in wheel--rail contact plays an essential role for optimization of traction control strategies, as input quantity for railway simulations in general and for the estimation of wear and rolling contact fatigue. A multitude of wheel--rail contact models exists, however, traction--creepage curves obtained from measurements show quantitative and qualitative deviations. There are several phenomena which influence the traction--creepage characteristics: Mechanisms resulting from surface roughness, frictional heating or the presence of interfacial fluids can have a dominating influence on friction. In this paper, a new wheel--rail contact model, accounting for these influential parameters, will be presented. The presented model accounts for the interaction of an interfacial fluid model for combined boundary and mixed lubrication of rough surfaces with a wheel--rail contact model that additionally accounts for frictional heating. A quantitative comparison with measurements found in the literature is not conducted, since the exact conditions of the measurements are mostly unknown and parameters can easily be adjusted to fit the measurements. Emphasis is placed on the qualitative behavior of the model with respect to the measurements and good agreement is found. The dependence of the maximum traction coefficient on rolling velocity, surface roughness and normal load is studied under dry and water lubricated conditions.}},
  author       = {{Tomberger, Christoph and Dietmaier, Peter and Sextro, Walter and Six, Klaus}},
  issn         = {{0043-1648}},
  journal      = {{Wear}},
  keywords     = {{Wheel--rail contact, Rolling contact, Friction, Interfacial fluid, Lubrication, Surface roughness, Contact temperature}},
  pages        = {{2 -- 12}},
  title        = {{{Friction in wheel--rail contact: A model comprising interfacial fluids, surface roughness and temperature}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.wear.2010.10.025}},
  volume       = {{271}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}