[{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2666-9552"]},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","citation":{"ama":"Rahlf HC, Knorr L, Althoff S, Meschede H. Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids. <i>Smart Energy</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>","chicago":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Lukas Knorr, Simon Althoff, and Henning Meschede. “Analysis of Bidirectional EV Charging Infrastructures within Industrial DC Grids.” <i>Smart Energy</i>, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>.","ieee":"H. C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, S. Althoff, and H. Meschede, “Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids,” <i>Smart Energy</i>, Art. no. 100227, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>.","apa":"Rahlf, H. C., Knorr, L., Althoff, S., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026). Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids. <i>Smart Energy</i>, Article 100227. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>","short":"H.C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, S. Althoff, H. Meschede, Smart Energy (2026).","bibtex":"@article{Rahlf_Knorr_Althoff_Meschede_2026, title={Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>}, number={100227}, journal={Smart Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Knorr, Lukas and Althoff, Simon and Meschede, Henning}, year={2026} }","mla":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Analysis of Bidirectional EV Charging Infrastructures within Industrial DC Grids.” <i>Smart Energy</i>, 100227, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227\">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>."},"year":"2026","date_created":"2026-02-02T14:45:17Z","author":[{"orcid":"0009-0006-8106-2132","last_name":"Rahlf","id":"56955","full_name":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph","first_name":"Henning Christoph"},{"id":"90391","full_name":"Knorr, Lukas","last_name":"Knorr","orcid":"0009-0005-4727-7511","first_name":"Lukas"},{"full_name":"Althoff, Simon","last_name":"Althoff","first_name":"Simon"},{"full_name":"Meschede, Henning","id":"86954","orcid":"0000-0002-1538-089X","last_name":"Meschede","first_name":"Henning"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-03T12:58:44Z","publisher":"Elsevier BV","doi":"10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227","title":"Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids","publication":"Smart Energy","type":"journal_article","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Industrial electrification is increasing to reduce fossil fuel dependence, alongside a growing share of volatile renewables.\r\nA secure and reliable energy supply is crucial for industry, leading to a shift from centralised to decentralised grid structures.\r\nDC microgrids becoming increasingly popular in industry, since they enable energy recuperation from braking, reduce components and cables, and integrate storage and local generation to manage supply interruptions or peak loads.\r\nEVs add further synergies by serving as mobile storage units, helping to store and redistribute locally generated renewable energy.\r\nThis paper analyses how EV integration in droop-controlled DC grids can contribute to a more stable, low-emission and peak-reduced load profile to the supply grid through load shifting and bridge interruptions.\r\nA droop-controlled DC grid model has been developed, incorporating an EV charging park based on probability functions.\r\nScalable scenarios allow for diverse condition analysis using an energy management system that utilises fuzzy logic and sequential MILP optimisation.\r\nIt has been shown that a 7% improvement of coefficient represented grid-serving behaviour is possible by load shifting.\r\nIt has also been demonstrated that an optimised EMS can reduce the demand-based CO2 emissions by 41kg for a representative day compared to a fuzzy logic EMS.\r\nAt the same time peak load is decreased yielding a more constant residual load.\r\nThese results highlight the potential of a controlled bidirectional charging infrastructure in DC grids and underscore the need to explicitly consider charging processes to ensure a residual load as constant as possible."}],"department":[{"_id":"644"}],"user_id":"56955","_id":"63838","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["DC-grid","Droop control","Grid-serving behaviour","Grid stability","Bidirectional charging","Sequential decision","MILP optimisation"],"article_number":"100227","article_type":"original"},{"year":"2025","issue":"8","title":"Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple","date_created":"2025-05-05T12:27:39Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally, the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic of grid frequency) in cascaded converters so that the LLC has to adapt its switching frequency within the grid period. Conventionally, the LLC converter operates 50% of the time above the resonant frequency of 40 kHz and 50% below resonance. Both operating conditions cause additional losses. However, experimental measurements indicate that the below-resonance operation causes significantly higher losses than above-resonance operation due to much higher primary and secondary transformer currents. It is better to increase the DC-link voltage by 30% of the peak-to-peak low-frequency voltage ripple to mostly avoid below-resonance operation (i.e., from 650 V to 680 V in this case). With the proposed control, the LLC converter operates about 75% of time over resonance and only 25% of time below resonance. The overall efficiency increases from 97.66% to 97.7% for the average operating point with an 80% load current. This corresponds to a 2% total loss reduction. Finally, the peak resonance capacitor voltage decreases from 910 V to 790 V (−13%)."}],"publication":"Electronics","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["adaptive DC-link voltage","cascaded H-bridge","resonant operation","Full-Bridge Converter","loss minimization","LLC Resonant Converter","peak capacitor voltage reduction"],"intvolume":"        14","citation":{"chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i> 14, no. 8 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 1517, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>. 2025;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, Electronics 14 (2025).","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 1517, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>}, number={81517}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 1517. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3390/electronics14081517","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/8/1517"}],"volume":14,"author":[{"first_name":"Roland","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289","last_name":"Unruh"},{"first_name":"Joachim","id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","last_name":"Böcker"},{"first_name":"Frank","id":"71291","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister"}],"date_updated":"2025-05-05T12:34:00Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"1517","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"34289","_id":"59805"},{"doi":"10.1109/tem.2024.3352819","volume":71,"author":[{"full_name":"zur Heiden, Philipp","id":"64394","last_name":"zur Heiden","first_name":"Philipp"},{"last_name":"Priefer","full_name":"Priefer, Jennifer","id":"82872","first_name":"Jennifer"},{"full_name":"Beverungen, Daniel","id":"59677","last_name":"Beverungen","first_name":"Daniel"}],"date_updated":"2024-11-11T09:50:34Z","page":"3641-3655","intvolume":"        71","citation":{"short":"P. zur Heiden, J. Priefer, D. Beverungen, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 71 (2024) 3641–3655.","bibtex":"@article{zur Heiden_Priefer_Beverungen_2024, title={Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System}, volume={71}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={zur Heiden, Philipp and Priefer, Jennifer and Beverungen, Daniel}, year={2024}, pages={3641–3655} }","mla":"zur Heiden, Philipp, et al. “Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i>, vol. 71, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024, pp. 3641–55, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>.","apa":"zur Heiden, P., Priefer, J., &#38; Beverungen, D. (2024). Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System. <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i>, <i>71</i>, 3641–3655. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>","ama":"zur Heiden P, Priefer J, Beverungen D. Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System. <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i>. 2024;71:3641-3655. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>","ieee":"P. zur Heiden, J. Priefer, and D. Beverungen, “Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i>, vol. 71, pp. 3641–3655, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>.","chicago":"Heiden, Philipp zur, Jennifer Priefer, and Daniel Beverungen. “Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i> 71 (2024): 3641–55. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2024.3352819</a>."},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"]},"publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2024-04-18T12:26:27Z","article_type":"original","user_id":"82872","_id":"50649","project":[{"name":"FLEMING: FLEMING - Flexible Monitoring- und Regelsysteme für die Energie- und Mobilitätswende im Verteilnetz durch Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz","_id":"651","grant_number":"03E16012F"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","title":"Predictive Maintenance on the Energy Distribution Grid—Design and Evaluation of a Digital Industrial Platform in the Context of a Smart Service System","date_created":"2024-01-19T11:47:56Z","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","year":"2024","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Design science research","digital platform","distribution grid","IS design","predictive maintenance","smart services"],"ddc":["620"],"file":[{"access_level":"closed","file_id":"53570","file_name":"Predictive_Maintenance_on_the_Energy_Distribution_GridDesign_and_Evaluation_of_a_Digital_Industrial_Platform_in_the_Context_of_a_Smart_Service_System.pdf","file_size":4070804,"date_created":"2024-04-18T12:26:27Z","creator":"dabe","date_updated":"2024-04-18T12:26:27Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"text":"The energy turnaround and the shift towards sustainable mobility threaten the stability of European energy distribution grids due to substantially increasing load fluctuations and power demand. These challenges can critically impact assets in the distribution grid—e.g., switchgears—intensifying the need to plan, conduct, and manage the maintenance of such assets. Predictive maintenance strategies that analyze assets' current and historical condition data have been discussed as promising approaches toward that end. However, the extant research focuses on designing and improving analytical algorithms or information technology (IT) artifacts while not considering how a maintenance service is cocreated by companies with IT. This research article posits that IT and service must be aligned closely, presenting an ensemble artifact comprising a digital industrial platform and a smart service system for predictive maintenance on the distribution grid. The artifact is evaluated by conducting a willingness-to-pay analysis with asset operators, documenting their demand for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance as an integrated solution, although they still struggle with even getting the condition data of their assets. Building on these results, we formalize the knowledge in the form of design principles and implications for managing the maintenance of critical assets in the distribution grid.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"keyword":["Art-D","Afrika","Resilienz","Resilience","Grid stability","robustness","microgrids"],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","creator":"krauter","file_size":5128404,"file_id":"29170","file_name":"Staffelstein 2021 ART-D S.305-309.pdf","access_level":"closed"}],"publication":"Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021","title":"Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung","publisher":"Conexio","date_created":"2021-05-20T09:58:43Z","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","_id":"22218","department":[{"_id":"53"},{"_id":"475"},{"_id":"52"},{"_id":"453"},{"_id":"59"},{"_id":"300"}],"user_id":"66","status":"public","type":"conference","conference":{"name":"36. PV-Symposium","start_date":"2021-05-18","end_date":"2021-05-26","location":"Staffelstein / online"},"date_updated":"2024-01-19T16:43:56Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan"},{"first_name":"Joachim","id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295"},{"last_name":"Freitag","id":"20560","full_name":"Freitag, Christine","first_name":"Christine"},{"last_name":"Hehenkamp","id":"37339","full_name":"Hehenkamp, Burkhard","first_name":"Burkhard"},{"last_name":"Hilleringmann","id":"20179","full_name":"Hilleringmann, Ulrich","first_name":"Ulrich"},{"first_name":"Katrin","last_name":"Temmen","full_name":"Temmen, Katrin","id":"30086"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Klaus","full_name":"Klaus, Tobias"},{"first_name":"Nicolaus","last_name":"Rohrer","full_name":"Rohrer, Nicolaus"},{"last_name":"Lehmann","full_name":"Lehmann, Sven","first_name":"Sven"}],"place":"Pforzheim","page":"305-309","citation":{"ieee":"S. Krauter <i>et al.</i>, “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung,” in <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, Staffelstein / online, 2021, pp. 305–309.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, Joachim Böcker, Christine Freitag, Burkhard Hehenkamp, Ulrich Hilleringmann, Katrin Temmen, Tobias Klaus, Nicolaus Rohrer, and Sven Lehmann. “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung.” In <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, 305–9. Pforzheim: Conexio, 2021.","short":"S. Krauter, J. Böcker, C. Freitag, B. Hehenkamp, U. Hilleringmann, K. Temmen, T. Klaus, N. Rohrer, S. Lehmann, in: Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021, Conexio, Pforzheim, 2021, pp. 305–309.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung.” <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, Conexio, 2021, pp. 305–09.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Böcker_Freitag_Hehenkamp_Hilleringmann_Temmen_Klaus_Rohrer_Lehmann_2021, place={Pforzheim}, title={Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021}, publisher={Conexio}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Böcker, Joachim and Freitag, Christine and Hehenkamp, Burkhard and Hilleringmann, Ulrich and Temmen, Katrin and Klaus, Tobias and Rohrer, Nicolaus and Lehmann, Sven}, year={2021}, pages={305–309} }","apa":"Krauter, S., Böcker, J., Freitag, C., Hehenkamp, B., Hilleringmann, U., Temmen, K., Klaus, T., Rohrer, N., &#38; Lehmann, S. (2021). Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung. <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, 305–309.","ama":"Krauter S, Böcker J, Freitag C, et al. Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung. In: <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>. Conexio; 2021:305-309."},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-948176-14-3"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published"},{"citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020}, pages={1815–1817} }","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–1817. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” In <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–17, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.,” in <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. In: <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i> ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>"},"page":"1815 - 1817","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["\t3-936338-73-6"]},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9","conference":{"name":"37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020)","start_date":"2020-09-07","end_date":"2020-09-11","location":"online"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:42:22Z","author":[{"full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Zhang, L.","last_name":"Zhang"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","_id":"19393","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.","date_created":"2020-09-14T12:43:43Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"}],"file":[{"file_size":1309449,"file_name":"Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","file_id":"29172","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","creator":"krauter","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.","ddc":["620"],"keyword":["Keywords: Load-Shifting","Demand-Side-Management","DSM","grid frequency","EEX","electricity trading prices","renewable share","flexibility","emissions","CO2"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"status":"public","type":"conference","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","_id":"19390","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","page":"1818 - 1819","citation":{"chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, D. Rustemovic, and Arash Khatibi. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” In <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 1818–19, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, and A. Khatibi, “Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles,” in <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1818–1819, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Rustemovic D, Khatibi A. Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. In: <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>. ; 2020:1818-1819. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>","apa":"Krauter, S., Rustemovic, D., &#38; Khatibi, A. (2020). Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 1818–1819. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>","short":"S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, A. Khatibi, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–1819.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Rustemovic_Khatibi_2020, title={Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Rustemovic, D. and Khatibi, Arash}, year={2020}, pages={1818–1819} }","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 2020, pp. 1818–19, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>."},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-73-6"]},"publication_status":"published","conference":{"name":"37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020)","start_date":"2020-09-07","end_date":"2020-09-11","location":"online"},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:43:51Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter"},{"full_name":"Rustemovic, D.","last_name":"Rustemovic","first_name":"D."},{"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Khatibi","full_name":"Khatibi, Arash","id":"43538"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Due to the strong reduction of PV prices, storage plays a dominating role in overall system costs. A \r\nsteeper elevation angle would result in a more balanced seasonal PV yield, at the cost of PV yield reductions during \r\nsummer, but allowing reduced storage capacities. Additionally, the effect of a single-axis tracking system has been \r\ninvestigated, generating more electricity during the morning and evening hours, thus reducing daily storage \r\nrequirements. The necessary PV size and storage capacities required for the German energy supply (1,500 TWh after \r\nelectrification of all sectors) via 100% renewable energies and a 50% solar share have been calculated via the \r\nHOMER Pro software, considering the bridging of periods of \"dark lulls“ in winter, using costs of 2030 (Table 1). \r\nResults: The increase of module elevation angles above the typical 30° leads to a reduction of investment and supply \r\ncosts. The optimum is reached at a cost reduction of -1.5% for an elevation angle at the latitude of the installation \r\nsite. An explanation is that high elevation angles are favorable for clear winter days, but not at all for the critical days \r\nwith diffuse irradiance only, so the battery capacity must be increased. For the same reason, tracking systems do not \r\noffer any cost advantage (at least for the ones without an option for horizontal positioning during diffuse days).","lang":"eng"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","creator":"krauter","date_created":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","file_size":428312,"file_name":"Krauter Rustemovic Khatibi - Elevated Angle - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","file_id":"29178","access_level":"closed"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020","keyword":["Energy Storage","PV system integration","Large Grid-connected PV systems","Simulation","Energy Supply Options"],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles","date_created":"2020-09-14T12:42:30Z"},{"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:52:16Z","date_created":"2020-09-14T12:39:41Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter"},{"full_name":"Zhang, L.","last_name":"Zhang","first_name":"L."}],"title":"Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487"}],"doi":"10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487","conference":{"end_date":"2020-06-21","location":"online","name":"47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)","start_date":"2020-06-15"},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2020","citation":{"apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i> (pp. 1672–1674). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020}, pages={1672–1674} }","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, edited by IEEE, 2020, pp. 1672–74, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>. ; 2020:1672-1674. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, edited by IEEE, 1672–74, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>."},"corporate_editor":["IEEE"],"page":"1672-1674","_id":"19383","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"keyword":["CO2","EEX","Grid frequency","DSM","electricity price","Renewable share"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"conference","publication":"Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation (r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn't exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants that even operate at negative prices.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public"},{"type":"conference","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"49"}],"user_id":"32616","_id":"12952","project":[{"name":"Ein modellbasiertes Messverfahren zur Charakterisierung der frequenzabhängigen Materialeigenschaften von Piezokeramiken unter Verwendung eines einzelnen Probekörperindividuums","_id":"90"},{"_id":"245","name":"FOR 5208: Modellbasierte Bestimmung nichtlinearer Eigenschaften von Piezokeramiken für Leistungsschallanwendungen (NEPTUN)"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["piezoelectric materials","piezoelectric properties","DC bias field","non-linear material parameters"],"citation":{"mla":"Dreiling, Dmitrij, et al. <i>A DC Bias Approach to the Characterisation of Non-Linear Material Parameters of Piezoelectric Ceramics</i>. AMA Service GmbH, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>.","short":"D. Dreiling, N. Feldmann, B. Henning, in: AMA Service GmbH, 2019.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Dreiling_Feldmann_Henning_2019, title={A DC bias approach to the characterisation of non-linear material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>}, publisher={AMA Service GmbH}, author={Dreiling, Dmitrij and Feldmann, Nadine and Henning, Bernd}, year={2019} }","apa":"Dreiling, D., Feldmann, N., &#38; Henning, B. (2019). <i>A DC bias approach to the characterisation of non-linear material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics</i>. 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, Nürnberg. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>","ama":"Dreiling D, Feldmann N, Henning B. A DC bias approach to the characterisation of non-linear material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics. In: AMA Service GmbH; 2019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>","chicago":"Dreiling, Dmitrij, Nadine Feldmann, and Bernd Henning. “A DC Bias Approach to the Characterisation of Non-Linear Material Parameters of Piezoelectric Ceramics.” AMA Service GmbH, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>.","ieee":"D. Dreiling, N. Feldmann, and B. Henning, “A DC bias approach to the characterisation of non-linear material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics,” presented at the 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019, Nürnberg, 2019, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2\">10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2</a>."},"year":"2019","author":[{"full_name":"Dreiling, Dmitrij","id":"32616","last_name":"Dreiling","first_name":"Dmitrij"},{"full_name":"Feldmann, Nadine","id":"23082","last_name":"Feldmann","first_name":"Nadine"},{"last_name":"Henning","id":"213","full_name":"Henning, Bernd","first_name":"Bernd"}],"date_created":"2019-08-23T11:02:31Z","oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-01-05T08:28:49Z","publisher":"AMA Service GmbH","conference":{"start_date":"2019-06-25","name":"20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019","location":"Nürnberg","end_date":"2019-06-26"},"doi":"10.5162/sensoren2019/5.1.2","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.ama-science.org/proceedings/getFile/ZmDmAN","open_access":"1"}],"title":"A DC bias approach to the characterisation of non-linear material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics"},{"abstract":[{"text":"Nearly all existing HPC systems are operated by resource management systems based on the queuing approach. With the increasing acceptance of grid middleware like Globus, new requirements for the underlying local resource management systems arise. Features like advanced reservation or quality of service are needed to implement high level functions like co-allocation. However it is difficult to realize these features with a resource management system based on the queuing concept since it considers only the present resource usage.\r\n\r\nIn this paper we present an approach which closes this gap. By assigning start times to each resource request, a complete schedule is planned. Advanced reservations are now easily possible. Based on this planning approach functions like diffuse requests, automatic duration extension, or service level agreements are described. We think they are useful to increase the usability, acceptance and performance of HPC machines. In the second part of this paper we present a planning based resource management system which already covers some of the mentioned features.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)","keyword":["High Performance Computing","Service Level Agreement","Grid Resource","Resource Management System","Advance Reservation"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2003","title":"Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning","date_created":"2018-03-29T11:37:24Z","status":"public","type":"conference","_id":"1998","department":[{"_id":"27"}],"series_title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","user_id":"15274","place":"Berlin / Heidelberg","page":"1-20","intvolume":"      2862","citation":{"apa":"Hovestadt, M., Kao, O., Keller, A., &#38; Streit, A. (2003). Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning. In <i>Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)</i> (Vol. 2862, pp. 1–20). Berlin / Heidelberg. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Hovestadt_Kao_Keller_Streit_2003, place={Berlin / Heidelberg}, series={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title={Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning}, volume={2862}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1\">10.1007/10968987_1</a>}, booktitle={Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)}, author={Hovestadt, Matthias and Kao, Odej and Keller, Axel and Streit, Achim}, year={2003}, pages={1–20}, collection={Lecture Notes in Computer Science} }","short":"M. Hovestadt, O. Kao, A. Keller, A. Streit, in: Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP), Berlin / Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 1–20.","mla":"Hovestadt, Matthias, et al. “Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning.” <i>Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)</i>, vol. 2862, 2003, pp. 1–20, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1\">10.1007/10968987_1</a>.","ama":"Hovestadt M, Kao O, Keller A, Streit A. Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning. In: <i>Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)</i>. Vol 2862. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin / Heidelberg; 2003:1-20. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1\">10.1007/10968987_1</a>","chicago":"Hovestadt, Matthias, Odej Kao, Axel Keller, and Achim Streit. “Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning.” In <i>Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)</i>, 2862:1–20. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin / Heidelberg, 2003. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/10968987_1</a>.","ieee":"M. Hovestadt, O. Kao, A. Keller, and A. Streit, “Scheduling in HPC Resource Management Systems: Queuing vs. Planning,” in <i>Proc. Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing (JSSPP)</i>, 2003, vol. 2862, pp. 1–20."},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/10968987_1","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:54:17Z","volume":2862,"author":[{"full_name":"Hovestadt, Matthias","last_name":"Hovestadt","first_name":"Matthias"},{"first_name":"Odej","last_name":"Kao","full_name":"Kao, Odej"},{"last_name":"Keller","id":"15274","full_name":"Keller, Axel","first_name":"Axel"},{"last_name":"Streit","full_name":"Streit, Achim","first_name":"Achim"}]}]