@article{66001, abstract = {{Expanding renewable energy sources is essential for a sustainable energy supply but challenges grid stability, as the volatility of solar and wind causes periods of over- and undersupply. Private households are central to this transition, combining dynamic consumption with decentralised generation. This paper presents a multi-agent microgrid simulation built on the Mesa framework, focusing on the heterogeneous objectives and technological capabilities of residential participants. Households are modelled as autonomous agents with individual strategies, while a dedicated “grid agent” represents the distribution system operator and regulates the microgrid in a grid-supportive manner. The emission factor serves as the key indicator for grid-friendly behaviour. Results show that in summer, unmanaged PV feed-in from heterogeneous households causes substantial grid stress and balancing effort for the distribution system operator. Dynamic electricity prices can incentivise grid-friendly dispatch, but their effectiveness depends on the correlation between price signals and renewable availability and cannot guarantee grid-supportive behaviour alone. The grid agent reliably improves the grid-supportive coefficient, yet its operating strategy, for instance additional peak-reduction objectives, can interfere with price-based incentives. Effective demand-side management therefore requires careful analysis of stakeholder interactions. Building on this insight, thepaper provides a basic framework for the design, implementation, and assessment of both integrated and individual energy management strategies within a microgrid environment. By simulating the dynamic interactions among system participants and strategies, it enables comprehensive evaluation of their collective impact on the grid, supporting the development of robust solutions for future electricity networks.}}, author = {{Henne, Kevin and Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Naumann, Marius and Meschede, Henning}}, issn = {{2590-1745}}, journal = {{Energy Conversion and Management: X}}, keywords = {{Microgrid, Decentralised Energy Systems, Multi-Agent System, Residential Demand-Side Management, Optimisation}}, location = {{Dubrovnik}}, pages = {{102030}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Towards Stakeholder-Aware Demand-Side management assessment in heterogeneous residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent approach}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030}}, volume = {{31}}, year = {{2026}}, } @inproceedings{24540, abstract = {{With its growing population and industrialization, DREs, and solar technologies in particular, provide a sustainable means of bridging the current energy deficit in Africa, increasing supply reliability and meeting future demand. Data acquisition and data management systems allow real time monitoring and control of energy systems as well as performance analysis. However commercial data acquisition systems often have cost implications that are prohibitive for small PV systems and installations in developing countries. In this paper, a multi-user, multi-purpose microgrid database system is designed and implemented. MAVOWATT 270 power quality analyzers by GOSSEN METRAWATT, raspberry pi modules and sensors are used for measuring, recording and storing electrical and meteorological data in East Africa. Socio-economic data is also stored in the database. The designed system employs open source software and hardware solutions which are best suited to developing regions like East Africa due to the lower cost implications. The expected results promise a comprehensive database covering different electro-technical and socio-economic parameters useful for optimal design of microgrid systems.}}, author = {{Kakande, Josephine Nakato and Philipo, Godiana Hagile and Krauter, Stefan}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)}}, isbn = {{3-936338-78-7}}, keywords = {{Art-D, Afrika, Demand side management, MySQL, Raspberry pi, Data acquisition}}, pages = {{1505--1510}}, title = {{{Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures}}}, doi = {{10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38}}, year = {{2021}}, } @inproceedings{19393, abstract = {{To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management systems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2- emission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic consumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share of renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results show: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = - 0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at negative prices. }}, author = {{Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}}, issn = {{ 3-936338-73-6}}, keywords = {{Keywords: Load-Shifting, Demand-Side-Management, DSM, grid frequency, EEX, electricity trading prices, renewable share, flexibility, emissions, CO2}}, location = {{online}}, pages = {{1815 -- 1817}}, title = {{{Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}}}, doi = {{10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9}}, year = {{2020}}, }