---
_id: '66001'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Expanding renewable energy sources is essential for a sustainable energy supply
    but challenges grid stability, as the volatility of solar and wind causes periods
    of over- and undersupply. Private households are central to this transition, combining
    dynamic consumption with decentralised generation. This paper presents a multi-agent
    microgrid simulation built on the Mesa framework, focusing on the heterogeneous
    objectives and technological capabilities of residential participants. Households
    are modelled as autonomous agents with individual strategies, while a dedicated
    “grid agent” represents the distribution system operator and regulates the microgrid
    in a grid-supportive manner. The emission factor serves as the key indicator for
    grid-friendly behaviour. Results show that in summer, unmanaged PV feed-in from
    heterogeneous households causes substantial grid stress and balancing effort for
    the distribution system operator. Dynamic electricity prices can incentivise grid-friendly
    dispatch, but their effectiveness depends on the correlation between price signals
    and renewable availability and cannot guarantee grid-supportive behaviour alone.
    The grid agent reliably improves the grid-supportive coefficient, yet its operating
    strategy, for instance additional peak-reduction objectives, can interfere with
    price-based incentives. Effective demand-side management therefore requires careful
    analysis of stakeholder interactions. Building on this insight, thepaper provides
    a basic framework for the design, implementation, and assessment of both integrated
    and individual energy management strategies within a microgrid environment. By
    simulating the dynamic interactions among system participants and strategies,
    it enables comprehensive evaluation of their collective impact on the grid, supporting
    the development of robust solutions for future electricity networks.
author:
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Henne, Kevin
  id: '56918'
  last_name: Henne
- first_name: Henning Christoph
  full_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
  id: '56955'
  last_name: Rahlf
  orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
- first_name: Marius
  full_name: Naumann, Marius
  id: '94950'
  last_name: Naumann
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
  ama: 'Henne K, Rahlf HC, Naumann M, Meschede H. Towards Stakeholder-Aware Demand-Side
    management assessment in heterogeneous residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent approach.
    <i>Energy Conversion and Management: X</i>. 2026;31:102030. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>'
  apa: 'Henne, K., Rahlf, H. C., Naumann, M., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026). Towards Stakeholder-Aware
    Demand-Side management assessment in heterogeneous residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent
    approach. <i>Energy Conversion and Management: X</i>, <i>31</i>, 102030. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Henne_Rahlf_Naumann_Meschede_2026, title={Towards Stakeholder-Aware
    Demand-Side management assessment in heterogeneous residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent
    approach}, volume={31}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>},
    journal={Energy Conversion and Management: X}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Henne,
    Kevin and Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Naumann, Marius and Meschede, Henning},
    year={2026}, pages={102030} }'
  chicago: 'Henne, Kevin, Henning Christoph Rahlf, Marius Naumann, and Henning Meschede.
    “Towards Stakeholder-Aware Demand-Side Management Assessment in Heterogeneous
    Residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent Approach.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management:
    X</i> 31 (2026): 102030. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>.'
  ieee: 'K. Henne, H. C. Rahlf, M. Naumann, and H. Meschede, “Towards Stakeholder-Aware
    Demand-Side management assessment in heterogeneous residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent
    approach,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management: X</i>, vol. 31, p. 102030, 2026,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>.'
  mla: 'Henne, Kevin, et al. “Towards Stakeholder-Aware Demand-Side Management Assessment
    in Heterogeneous Residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent Approach.” <i>Energy Conversion
    and Management: X</i>, vol. 31, Elsevier, 2026, p. 102030, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030</a>.'
  short: 'K. Henne, H.C. Rahlf, M. Naumann, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion and Management:
    X 31 (2026) 102030.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-10-10
  location: Dubrovnik
  name: 20th SDEWES conference
  start_date: 2025-10-05
date_created: 2026-06-19T12:27:48Z
date_updated: 2026-06-19T12:41:33Z
department:
- _id: '644'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102030
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        31'
keyword:
- Microgrid
- Decentralised Energy Systems
- Multi-Agent System
- Residential Demand-Side Management
- Optimisation
language:
- iso: eng
page: '102030'
publication: 'Energy Conversion and Management: X'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2590-1745
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
status: public
title: 'Towards Stakeholder-Aware Demand-Side management assessment in heterogeneous
  residential Microgrids: A Multi-Agent approach'
type: journal_article
user_id: '56918'
volume: 31
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '24540'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "With its growing population and industrialization, DREs, and solar technologies
    in particular, provide a \r\nsustainable means of bridging the current energy
    deficit in Africa, increasing supply reliability and meeting future \r\ndemand.
    Data acquisition and data management systems allow real time monitoring and control
    of energy systems as \r\nwell as performance analysis. However commercial data
    acquisition systems often have cost implications that are \r\nprohibitive for
    small PV systems and installations in developing countries.\r\nIn this paper,
    a multi-user, multi-purpose microgrid database system is designed and implemented.
    MAVOWATT \r\n270 power quality analyzers by GOSSEN METRAWATT, raspberry pi modules
    and sensors are used for measuring, \r\nrecording and storing electrical and meteorological
    data in East Africa. Socio-economic data is also stored in the\r\ndatabase. The
    designed system employs open source software and hardware solutions which are
    best suited to \r\ndeveloping regions like East Africa due to the lower cost implications.\r\nThe
    expected results promise a comprehensive database covering different electro-technical
    and socio-economic \r\nparameters useful for optimal design of microgrid systems."
author:
- first_name: Josephine Nakato
  full_name: Kakande, Josephine Nakato
  id: '88649'
  last_name: Kakande
- first_name: Godiana Hagile
  full_name: Philipo, Godiana Hagile
  id: '88505'
  last_name: Philipo
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
citation:
  ama: 'Kakande JN, Philipo GH, Krauter S. Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa
    for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures. In: <i>Proceedings
    of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
    2021)</i>. ; 2021:1505-1510. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>'
  apa: Kakande, J. N., Philipo, G. H., &#38; Krauter, S. (2021). Load Data Acquisition
    in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures.
    <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition
    (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1505–1510. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Kakande_Philipo_Krauter_2021, title={Load Data Acquisition
    in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
    and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)}, author={Kakande, Josephine Nakato and Philipo,
    Godiana Hagile and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2021}, pages={1505–1510} }'
  chicago: Kakande, Josephine Nakato, Godiana Hagile Philipo, and Stefan Krauter.
    “Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management
    Measures.” In <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
    and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1505–10, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.
  ieee: 'J. N. Kakande, G. H. Philipo, and S. Krauter, “Load Data Acquisition in Rural
    East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures,”
    in <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and
    Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1505–1510, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.'
  mla: Kakande, Josephine Nakato, et al. “Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa
    for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures.” <i>Proceedings
    of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
    2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1505–10, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.
  short: 'J.N. Kakande, G.H. Philipo, S. Krauter, in: Proceedings of the 38th European
    Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021), 2021, pp.
    1505–1510.'
conference:
  end_date: 2021-09-10
  name: 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
    2021)
  start_date: 2021-09-06
date_created: 2021-09-16T05:52:50Z
date_updated: 2024-10-17T08:45:50Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: krauter
  date_created: 2022-01-06T13:11:59Z
  date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:11:59Z
  file_id: '29174'
  file_name: Kakande Philipo Krauter - Load Data Aquisition ART-D - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf
  file_size: 1343406
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:11:59Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Art-D
- Afrika
- Demand side management
- MySQL
- Raspberry pi
- Data acquisition
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1505-1510
publication: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
  and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 3-936338-78-7
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and
  Demand–Side–Management Measures
type: conference
user_id: '16148'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '19393'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management
    \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate
    method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling
    capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity
    generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While
    the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share
    of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using
    the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that
    do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
    fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side
    management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption
    tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
    frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and
    a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables
    vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated.
    The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is
    quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates
    deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation
    (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid.
    Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2
    emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation
    almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power
    plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"
author:
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Zhang, L.
  last_name: Zhang
citation:
  ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity
    prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity
    grid. In: <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
    07 - 11 September 2020.</i> ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>'
  apa: 'Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
    of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
    the German electricity grid. <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
    Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–1817. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management:
    Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency
    in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
    07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020},
    pages={1815–1817} }'
  chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
    of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
    the German Electricity Grid.” In <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
    Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–17, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
    of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
    the German electricity grid.,” in <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
    Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.'
  mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
    of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
    the German Electricity Grid.” <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
    Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.'
  short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
    Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.'
conference:
  end_date: 2020-09-11
  location: online
  name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
    2020)
  start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: krauter
  date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
  date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
  file_id: '29172'
  file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
  file_size: 1309449
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- 'Keywords: Load-Shifting'
- Demand-Side-Management
- DSM
- grid frequency
- EEX
- electricity trading prices
- renewable share
- flexibility
- emissions
- CO2
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1815 - 1817
publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
  07 - 11 September 2020.
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - "\t3-936338-73-6"
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share
  of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...