@article{63830,
  abstract     = {{ This study investigates the effect of dispersion gas (DG) flow on the formation and properties of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using standardized SpraySyn burners (SS1 and SS2). Several diagnostics were employed to characterize the spray and nanoparticles. 
Increasing DG flow (6 - 12 slm) results in smaller droplet sizes (DS), cooler flame temperatures, shorter high-temperature droplet/particle residence times, and smaller agglomerates in the size range of 5 - 12 nm with narrower primary particle size distribution, corresponding to higher mass fractal dimensions, as supported by TEM and SMPS analysis, resulting in more compact agglomerates. BET and TEM confirmed decreasing primary particle sizes with increasing DG flow. Raman and XRD analyses predominantly identified maghemite, which shows a bimodal distribution of crystallite sizes, while SS1 samples have a greater proportion of larger crystallites.
The self-preserving size distributions of agglomerates with a geometric standard deviation of 1.5 are reached faster with increasing DG flow. The barrier effect of DG observed in SS1 leads to slower droplet combustion kinetics, higher temperatures, and delayed precursor release, which, along with downstream flow recirculation, result in significantly higher agglomeration rates outside the visible flame. SS2 demonstrates improved atomization, more stable flames, and finer, uniform nanoparticles with less carbonaceous residues (CR). Conversely, SS1 showed broader DS distributions and higher CR levels on the γ-Fe2O3 surface, especially at higher DG flow.
This work highlights the essential role of DG flow and nozzle geometry in controlling droplet evaporation, flame stability, and nanoparticle growth, offering insights for optimizing SFS and validating numerical models.
}},
  author       = {{Massopo, Orlando and Tischendorf, Ricardo and Gonchikzhapov, Munko and Kasper, Tina and Augustin, Peter and Özer, Burak and Reddemann, Manuel and Kneer, Reinhold and Sheikh, Mohammed-Ali and Mert, Aydan Akyildiz and Wiggers, Hartmut and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}},
  issn         = {{0032-5910}},
  journal      = {{Powder Technology}},
  keywords     = {{Spray flame synthesis, iron oxide nanoparticle, SpraySyn burner, Dispersion gas, Coaxial atomization, HiaT-SMPS}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Influence of dispersion gas flow on the spray characteristics and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles formation and properties in reference SpraySyn burners}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992}},
  volume       = {{470}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62643,
  author       = {{Schwabe, Tobias and Kress, Christian and Kruse, Stephan and Weizel, Maxim and Rhee, Hanjo and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Lightwave Technology}},
  keywords     = {{Integrated circuit modeling, Capacitance, Silicon, Modulation, Adaptation models, Semiconductor device modeling, Bandwidth, Data communication, electrooptical transmitter, equalization, free-carrier-plasma dispersion effect, modelling, optical modulator, phase shifter, silicon photonics}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{255--270}},
  title        = {{{Forward-Biased Silicon Phase Shifter Modeling for Electronic-Photonic Co-Simulation and Validation in a 250 nm EPIC BiCMOS Technology}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/JLT.2024.3450949}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62644,
  author       = {{Schwabe, Tobias and Kress, Christian and Sadiye, Babak and Kruse, Stephan and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Access}},
  keywords     = {{Optical attenuators, Equalizers, Phase shifters, Optical modulation, Electro-optic modulators, Optical amplifiers, Circuits, Silicon photonics, Optical saturation, Integrated circuit modeling, Data communication, equalization, electro-optical transmitter, silicon photonics, phase shifter, optical modulator, free-carrier plasma dispersion effect, driver architectures, biasing schemes}},
  pages        = {{192433--192450}},
  title        = {{{Analysis and Design of Forward Biased Silicon Photonics Phase Shifter Equalizer Circuits}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3629385}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{54548,
  author       = {{Prager, Raphael Patrick and Trautmann, Heike}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation}},
  keywords     = {{Optimization, Evolutionary computation, Benchmark testing, Hyperparameter optimization, Portfolios, Extraterrestrial measurements, Dispersion, Exploratory landscape analysis, mixed-variable problem, mixed search spaces, automated algorithm selection}},
  pages        = {{1--1}},
  title        = {{{Exploratory Landscape Analysis for Mixed-Variable Problems}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/TEVC.2024.3399560}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{9991,
  abstract     = {{Abstract:Since fine powders tend strongly to adhesion and agglomeration, their processing withconventional methods is difficult or impossible. Typically, in order to enable the handling of finepowders, chemicals are added to increase the flowability and reduce adhesion. This contributionshows that instead of additives also vibrations can be used to increase the flowability, to reduceadhesion and cohesion, and thus to enable or improve processes such as precision dosing, mixing,and transport of very fine powders. The methods for manipulating powder properties are describedin detail and prototypes for experimental studies are presented. It is shown that the handling of finepowders can be improved by using low-frequency, high-frequency or a combination of low- andhigh-frequency vibration.}},
  author       = {{Dunst, Paul and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}},
  journal      = {{Actuators 2018, 7(2).}},
  keywords     = {{powder handling, flowability, dosing, transport, mixing, dispersion, piezoelectricactuators, vibrations}},
  pages        = {{1--11}},
  title        = {{{Vibration-Assisted Handling of Dry Fine Powders}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/act7020018}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@inproceedings{6554,
  author       = {{Claes, Leander and Bause, Fabian and Rautenberg, Jens and Henning, Bernd}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings SENSOR 2015}},
  keywords     = {{piezoceramics, strip transducers, plate waveguide, dispersion diagram}},
  pages        = {{775--779}},
  title        = {{{Detection of ultrasonic plate waves using ceramic strip transducers}}},
  doi          = {{10.5162/sensor2015/P3.3}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}