[{"intvolume":"        18","citation":{"ama":"Leppin C, Placke‐Yan C, Bendt G, et al. Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D. <i>ChemCatChem</i>. 2026;18(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>","ieee":"C. Leppin <i>et al.</i>, “Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D,” <i>ChemCatChem</i>, vol. 18, no. 2, Art. no. e01104, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>.","chicago":"Leppin, Christian, Carsten Placke‐Yan, Georg Bendt, Sheila Hernandez, Kristina Tschulik, Stephan Schulz, and Julia Linnemann. “Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D.” <i>ChemCatChem</i> 18, no. 2 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>.","apa":"Leppin, C., Placke‐Yan, C., Bendt, G., Hernandez, S., Tschulik, K., Schulz, S., &#38; Linnemann, J. (2026). Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D. <i>ChemCatChem</i>, <i>18</i>(2), Article e01104. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>","mla":"Leppin, Christian, et al. “Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D.” <i>ChemCatChem</i>, vol. 18, no. 2, e01104, Wiley, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Leppin_Placke‐Yan_Bendt_Hernandez_Tschulik_Schulz_Linnemann_2026, title={Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D}, volume={18}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202501104\">10.1002/cctc.202501104</a>}, number={2e01104}, journal={ChemCatChem}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Leppin, Christian and Placke‐Yan, Carsten and Bendt, Georg and Hernandez, Sheila and Tschulik, Kristina and Schulz, Stephan and Linnemann, Julia}, year={2026} }","short":"C. Leppin, C. Placke‐Yan, G. Bendt, S. Hernandez, K. Tschulik, S. Schulz, J. Linnemann, ChemCatChem 18 (2026)."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1867-3880","1867-3899"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1002/cctc.202501104","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"volume":18,"author":[{"id":"117722","full_name":"Leppin, Christian","last_name":"Leppin","first_name":"Christian"},{"last_name":"Placke‐Yan","full_name":"Placke‐Yan, Carsten","first_name":"Carsten"},{"last_name":"Bendt","full_name":"Bendt, Georg","first_name":"Georg"},{"first_name":"Sheila","last_name":"Hernandez","full_name":"Hernandez, Sheila"},{"first_name":"Kristina","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina","last_name":"Tschulik"},{"first_name":"Stephan","full_name":"Schulz, Stephan","last_name":"Schulz"},{"first_name":"Julia","id":"116779","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","last_name":"Linnemann","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424"}],"date_updated":"2026-01-20T19:36:51Z","oa":"1","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"e01104","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"user_id":"116779","_id":"63675","year":"2026","issue":"2","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Interfacial Softening and Electrolyte Uptake in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> OER Catalysts: Insight from <i>Operando</i> Spectroscopy and Fast EQCM‐D","date_created":"2026-01-20T19:33:40Z","publisher":"Wiley","abstract":[{"text":"Cobalt spinel (Co3O4) catalysts are widely studied in scope of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), yet the role of interfacial structural transformation under anodic bias remains under debate. Here, we employ an operando approach, combining a fast electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Raman spectroscopy to investigate interfacial transformations of Co3O4 nanoparticle electrodes in alkaline electrolyte. We identify two distinct regimes during the anodic sweep prior to the macroscopic OER onset. At lower potentials, the catalyst interface remains mechanically rigid while reversibly associating several OH−/H2O species per oxidized cobalt site. At higher potentials, pronounced softening of the interface occurs alongside further uptake of electrolyte species. This indicates amorphization and a ‘swelling process’ beyond simple adsorption. Notably, an electrochemical conditioning treatment can suppress mass and compliance hysteresis without affecting OER activity, suggesting that most incorporated electrolyte species do not participate in the OER. EIS further reveals that OER intermediates form well below the apparent OER onset potential. These results advance our mechanistic understanding of interfacial transformations in cobalt-based OER catalysts and establish EQCM-D as a sensitive operando technique for probing electrocatalyst transformations.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"ChemCatChem","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrocatalysis","Co3O4","EQCM-D","OER"]},{"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2155-5435","2155-5435"]},"citation":{"apa":"Scharf, C. H., Chandraraj, A., Dyk, K., Stebner, F., Lepin, S., Tian, J., El Bergmi Byaz, L., Stettner, J., Leppin, C., Kotova, A., Reinke, S., Linnemann, J., Maroun, F., &#38; Magnussen, O. M. (2026). Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, Article acscatal.5c08785. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>","mla":"Scharf, Carl Hendric, et al. “Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, acscatal.5c08785, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>.","short":"C.H. Scharf, A. Chandraraj, K. Dyk, F. Stebner, S. Lepin, J. Tian, L. El Bergmi Byaz, J. Stettner, C. Leppin, A. Kotova, S. Reinke, J. Linnemann, F. Maroun, O.M. Magnussen, ACS Catalysis (2026).","bibtex":"@article{Scharf_Chandraraj_Dyk_Stebner_Lepin_Tian_El Bergmi Byaz_Stettner_Leppin_Kotova_et al._2026, title={Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>}, number={acscatal.5c08785}, journal={ACS Catalysis}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Scharf, Carl Hendric and Chandraraj, Alex and Dyk, Konrad and Stebner, Felix and Lepin, Sören and Tian, Jing and El Bergmi Byaz, Laila and Stettner, Jochim and Leppin, Christian and Kotova, Anastasiia and et al.}, year={2026} }","chicago":"Scharf, Carl Hendric, Alex Chandraraj, Konrad Dyk, Felix Stebner, Sören Lepin, Jing Tian, Laila El Bergmi Byaz, et al. “Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>.","ieee":"C. H. Scharf <i>et al.</i>, “Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts,” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, Art. no. acscatal.5c08785, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>.","ama":"Scharf CH, Chandraraj A, Dyk K, et al. Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785\">10.1021/acscatal.5c08785</a>"},"oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-02-16T14:25:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Scharf","full_name":"Scharf, Carl Hendric","first_name":"Carl Hendric"},{"first_name":"Alex","full_name":"Chandraraj, Alex","last_name":"Chandraraj"},{"full_name":"Dyk, Konrad","last_name":"Dyk","first_name":"Konrad"},{"first_name":"Felix","full_name":"Stebner, Felix","last_name":"Stebner"},{"first_name":"Sören","full_name":"Lepin, Sören","last_name":"Lepin"},{"last_name":"Tian","full_name":"Tian, Jing","first_name":"Jing"},{"last_name":"El Bergmi Byaz","full_name":"El Bergmi Byaz, Laila","first_name":"Laila"},{"last_name":"Stettner","full_name":"Stettner, Jochim","first_name":"Jochim"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Leppin","id":"117722","full_name":"Leppin, Christian"},{"last_name":"Kotova","full_name":"Kotova, Anastasiia","first_name":"Anastasiia"},{"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Reinke","full_name":"Reinke, Sebastian","id":"117727"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","last_name":"Linnemann","id":"116779","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","first_name":"Julia"},{"first_name":"Fouad","last_name":"Maroun","full_name":"Maroun, Fouad"},{"first_name":"Olaf M.","full_name":"Magnussen, Olaf M.","last_name":"Magnussen"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.5c08785"}],"doi":"10.1021/acscatal.5c08785","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"64182","user_id":"116779","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"article_type":"original","article_number":"acscatal.5c08785","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2026","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","date_created":"2026-02-16T14:22:15Z","title":"Role of Defects in Reversible Surface Restructuring and Activity of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts","publication":"ACS Catalysis","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Overcoming the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction at the anode is a key challenge for the production of hydrogen via electrolysis. This reaction operates at very positive potentials, where the electrocatalyst is exposed to highly oxidative conditions and prone to potential-dependent transformation of the near-surface region. While substantial evidence for such surface restructuring exists, its extent and relevance for the catalyst’s activity are unclear. We address this topic for the case of Co3O4, one of the best-known electrocatalysts exhibiting surface restructuring, by studies of epitaxial (111)-ordered electrodeposited films with combined operando X-ray surface diffraction and absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements on rotating disk electrodes. Comparison of the as-prepared and annealed state of the same samples, which both are stable even under long-term oxygen evolution conditions, provides clear insight into the role of surface defects. Our results show that defect-free annealed Co3O4(111) surfaces are structurally stable over a wide potential range and hydroxylate via adsorption at surface oxygen and Co sites. Potential-induced surface restructuring of the Co3O4 lattice occurs only in the presence of surface defects, leading to the formation of the well-known nanometer-thick oxyhydroxide skin layer. The presence of this skin layer promotes oxygen evolution at low overpotentials but results in higher Tafel slopes. As a result, highly ordered Co3O4(111) surfaces are more active at high current densities than defective Co3O4 surfaces that undergo surface restructuring. These results highlight that strategies for catalyst surface defect engineering need to be application-oriented."}],"keyword":["electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","cobalt spinel","operando characterization"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"department":[{"_id":"985"}],"user_id":"116779","_id":"62798","extern":"1","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","volume":17,"author":[{"full_name":"Hiege, Felix","last_name":"Hiege","first_name":"Felix"},{"full_name":"Chang, Chun-Wai","last_name":"Chang","first_name":"Chun-Wai"},{"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Trost","full_name":"Trost, Oliver"},{"first_name":"Charlotte E. R.","full_name":"van Halteren, Charlotte E. R.","last_name":"van Halteren"},{"first_name":"Pouya","last_name":"Hosseini","full_name":"Hosseini, Pouya"},{"last_name":"Bendt","full_name":"Bendt, Georg","first_name":"Georg"},{"first_name":"Stephan","full_name":"Schulz, Stephan","last_name":"Schulz"},{"last_name":"Feng","full_name":"Feng, Zhenxing","first_name":"Zhenxing"},{"first_name":"Julia","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","last_name":"Linnemann","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","id":"116779"},{"first_name":"Kristina","last_name":"Tschulik","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-03T16:27:30Z","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c05381","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.5c05381"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1944-8244","1944-8252"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        17","page":"41893-41903","citation":{"ieee":"F. Hiege <i>et al.</i>, “Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities,” <i>ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces</i>, vol. 17, no. 29, pp. 41893–41903, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>.","chicago":"Hiege, Felix, Chun-Wai Chang, Oliver Trost, Charlotte E. R. van Halteren, Pouya Hosseini, Georg Bendt, Stephan Schulz, Zhenxing Feng, Julia Linnemann, and Kristina Tschulik. “Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities.” <i>ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces</i> 17, no. 29 (2025): 41893–903. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>.","ama":"Hiege F, Chang C-W, Trost O, et al. Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities. <i>ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces</i>. 2025;17(29):41893-41903. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>","apa":"Hiege, F., Chang, C.-W., Trost, O., van Halteren, C. E. R., Hosseini, P., Bendt, G., Schulz, S., Feng, Z., Linnemann, J., &#38; Tschulik, K. (2025). Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities. <i>ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces</i>, <i>17</i>(29), 41893–41903. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>","mla":"Hiege, Felix, et al. “Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities.” <i>ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces</i>, vol. 17, no. 29, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025, pp. 41893–903, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Hiege_Chang_Trost_van Halteren_Hosseini_Bendt_Schulz_Feng_Linnemann_Tschulik_2025, title={Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05381\">10.1021/acsami.5c05381</a>}, number={29}, journal={ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Hiege, Felix and Chang, Chun-Wai and Trost, Oliver and van Halteren, Charlotte E. R. and Hosseini, Pouya and Bendt, Georg and Schulz, Stephan and Feng, Zhenxing and Linnemann, Julia and Tschulik, Kristina}, year={2025}, pages={41893–41903} }","short":"F. Hiege, C.-W. Chang, O. Trost, C.E.R. van Halteren, P. Hosseini, G. Bendt, S. Schulz, Z. Feng, J. Linnemann, K. Tschulik, ACS Applied Materials &#38; Interfaces 17 (2025) 41893–41903."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","nickel selenide","microelectrode"],"publication":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","abstract":[{"text":"We investigated electrodeposited nanoparticulate nickel selenide (pre)catalysts that transform into nickel oxides/oxyhydroxides under oxygen evolution reaction conditions in alkaline solutions. Previous studies of this transformation were conducted at lower current densities than those of industrial relevance (≥1 A cm–2). We used ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) to achieve such current densities, benefiting from their small size, ensuring low absolute currents and low ohmic drop but high current densities. Morphological degradation of the catalyst material was only observed at current densities exceeding 1 A cm–2 but not for smaller ones. Using X-ray absorption, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, we confirmed that the degradation was accompanied by the literature-known transformation of nanoparticulate Ni3Se2 (bulk)/NiSe (surface) into nickel oxyhydroxide. The transformation of the precatalyst goes along with a significant improvement in the charge transfer kinetics observed by decreasing Tafel slopes with ongoing experimental time extracted from cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the high-frequency range. However, these kinetic improvements are accompanied by limitations in mass transport concluded from decreasing current responses at high overpotentials in CVs and increasing impedance in the low-frequency range of the EIS spectra after extended CV cycling. These mass transport limitations originated from morphological degradations at the UME exceeding 1 A cm–2 which we proved by applying identical location scanning electron microscopy. This has not been reported in studies that have been limited to lower current densities before. Our findings showcase how UMEs can be used to study (pre)catalysts (herein nickel selenides) under current densities of industrial relevance in the absence of ohmic drop-related ambiguities, combined with in-depth materials characterization studies, e.g., identical location microscopy and advanced spectroscopic methods. This approach enables direct evaluation and comparison of catalyst materials and thus demonstrates how to overcome long-standing limitations of electrocatalyst design and testing.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-12-03T15:08:47Z","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","title":"Morphological Degradation of Oxygen Evolution Reaction-Electrocatalyzing Nickel Selenides at Industrially Relevant Current Densities","issue":"29","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2025"},{"doi":"10.1021/acscatal.5c03900","date_updated":"2025-12-07T17:15:53Z","author":[{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Kampermann, L.","last_name":"Kampermann"},{"full_name":"Klein, J.","last_name":"Klein","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"T.","full_name":"Wagner, T.","last_name":"Wagner"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Kotova","full_name":"Kotova, A."},{"first_name":"C.","full_name":"Placke-Yan, C.","last_name":"Placke-Yan"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Yasar","full_name":"Yasar, A."},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Jacobse","full_name":"Jacobse, L."},{"first_name":"S.","full_name":"Lasagna, S.","last_name":"Lasagna"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Leppin","full_name":"Leppin, Christian","id":"117722"},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Schulz","full_name":"Schulz, S."},{"full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","id":"116779","last_name":"Linnemann","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","first_name":"Julia"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Bergmann","full_name":"Bergmann, A."},{"last_name":"Roldan Cuenya","full_name":"Roldan Cuenya, B.","first_name":"B."},{"last_name":"Bacher","full_name":"Bacher, G.","first_name":"G."}],"volume":15,"citation":{"chicago":"Kampermann, L., J. Klein, T. Wagner, A. Kotova, C. Placke-Yan, A. Yasar, L. Jacobse, et al. “Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i> 15, no. 21 (2025): 18391–403. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>.","ieee":"L. Kampermann <i>et al.</i>, “Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts,” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, vol. 15, no. 21, pp. 18391–18403, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>.","ama":"Kampermann L, Klein J, Wagner T, et al. Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>. 2025;15(21):18391-18403. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>","apa":"Kampermann, L., Klein, J., Wagner, T., Kotova, A., Placke-Yan, C., Yasar, A., Jacobse, L., Lasagna, S., Leppin, C., Schulz, S., Linnemann, J., Bergmann, A., Roldan Cuenya, B., &#38; Bacher, G. (2025). Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, <i>15</i>(21), 18391–18403. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>","mla":"Kampermann, L., et al. “Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, vol. 15, no. 21, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025, pp. 18391–403, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>.","short":"L. Kampermann, J. Klein, T. Wagner, A. Kotova, C. Placke-Yan, A. Yasar, L. Jacobse, S. Lasagna, C. Leppin, S. Schulz, J. Linnemann, A. Bergmann, B. Roldan Cuenya, G. Bacher, ACS Catalysis 15 (2025) 18391–18403.","bibtex":"@article{Kampermann_Klein_Wagner_Kotova_Placke-Yan_Yasar_Jacobse_Lasagna_Leppin_Schulz_et al._2025, title={Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c03900\">10.1021/acscatal.5c03900</a>}, number={21}, journal={ACS Catalysis}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kampermann, L. and Klein, J. and Wagner, T. and Kotova, A. and Placke-Yan, C. and Yasar, A. and Jacobse, L. and Lasagna, S. and Leppin, Christian and Schulz, S. and et al.}, year={2025}, pages={18391–18403} }"},"intvolume":"        15","page":"18391-18403","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2155-5435","2155-5435"]},"article_type":"original","_id":"61982","user_id":"116779","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","title":"Operando Analysis of the Pre-OER Activation of Metal-Doped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticle Catalysts","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","date_created":"2025-10-24T07:49:21Z","year":"2025","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"21","keyword":["electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","cobalt spinel","operando characterization","spectroelectrochemistry"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Doped Co3O4 nanoparticles are investigated via spectro-electrochemistry in the (pre-) oxygen evolution reaction (OER) regime by tracing the absorption signal of the Co3+ d–d transition under applied bias for getting insight into the catalysts activation and the formation of catalytically active phases. In the low potential regime up to 1.37 VRHE, a rise in the optical absorption signal of the [Co3+]oct d–d transition is observed and attributed to a structural change from [Co2+]tet to [Co3+]oct due to an electrochemically induced surface restructuring with water. For applied potentials higher than 1.37 VRHE an overall offset of the absorption spectra in the UV–vis range, equivalent to a darkening of the materials is detected. This is attributed to the formation of a CoOx(OH)y skin layer as supported by high-energy X-ray diffraction (HE-XRD) measurements. We found that the kinetics of the Co3+ states are heavily influenced by the type of dopant with V-doped Co3O4 exhibiting stable Co3+ states (>20 min) while the Mn-doped Co3O4 Co3+ states reduce within 36 s under reductive bias. We conclude that doping Co3O4 with transition metals affects the formation and potential-dependent thickness of the CoOx(OH)y skin layer as the catalytically active phase and the formation of long-time stable surface Co3+ states after activation in the first OER cycle."}],"publication":"ACS Catalysis"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1002/cssc.202202015","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-03T16:28:26Z","author":[{"full_name":"Rabe, Anna","last_name":"Rabe","first_name":"Anna"},{"first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Jaugstetter","full_name":"Jaugstetter, Maximilian"},{"first_name":"Felix","full_name":"Hiege, Felix","last_name":"Hiege"},{"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Cosanne","full_name":"Cosanne, Nicolas"},{"full_name":"Ortega, Klaus Friedel","last_name":"Ortega","first_name":"Klaus Friedel"},{"first_name":"Julia","id":"116779","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","last_name":"Linnemann","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424"},{"last_name":"Tschulik","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina","first_name":"Kristina"},{"full_name":"Behrens, Malte","last_name":"Behrens","first_name":"Malte"}],"volume":16,"citation":{"short":"A. Rabe, M. Jaugstetter, F. Hiege, N. Cosanne, K.F. Ortega, J. Linnemann, K. Tschulik, M. Behrens, ChemSusChem 16 (2023).","mla":"Rabe, Anna, et al. “Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted PH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation.” <i>ChemSusChem</i>, vol. 16, no. 10, e202202015, Wiley, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Rabe_Jaugstetter_Hiege_Cosanne_Ortega_Linnemann_Tschulik_Behrens_2023, title={Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted pH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation}, volume={16}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>}, number={10e202202015}, journal={ChemSusChem}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rabe, Anna and Jaugstetter, Maximilian and Hiege, Felix and Cosanne, Nicolas and Ortega, Klaus Friedel and Linnemann, Julia and Tschulik, Kristina and Behrens, Malte}, year={2023} }","apa":"Rabe, A., Jaugstetter, M., Hiege, F., Cosanne, N., Ortega, K. F., Linnemann, J., Tschulik, K., &#38; Behrens, M. (2023). Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted pH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation. <i>ChemSusChem</i>, <i>16</i>(10), Article e202202015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>","ama":"Rabe A, Jaugstetter M, Hiege F, et al. Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted pH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation. <i>ChemSusChem</i>. 2023;16(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>","chicago":"Rabe, Anna, Maximilian Jaugstetter, Felix Hiege, Nicolas Cosanne, Klaus Friedel Ortega, Julia Linnemann, Kristina Tschulik, and Malte Behrens. “Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted PH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation.” <i>ChemSusChem</i> 16, no. 10 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>.","ieee":"A. Rabe <i>et al.</i>, “Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted pH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation,” <i>ChemSusChem</i>, vol. 16, no. 10, Art. no. e202202015, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202202015\">10.1002/cssc.202202015</a>."},"intvolume":"        16","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1864-5631","1864-564X"]},"article_number":"e202202015","article_type":"original","extern":"1","_id":"62810","user_id":"116779","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","title":"Tailoring Pore Size and Catalytic Activity in Cobalt Iron Layered Double Hydroxides and Spinels by Microemulsion‐Assisted pH‐Controlled Co‐Precipitation","publisher":"Wiley","date_created":"2025-12-03T15:51:54Z","year":"2023","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"10","keyword":["electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","cobalt spinel","cobalt hydroxide","LDH"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Cobalt iron containing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and spinels are promising catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Towards development of better performing catalysts, the precise tuning of mesostructural features such as pore size is desirable, but often hard to achieve. Herein, a computer‐controlled microemulsion‐assisted co‐precipitation (MACP) method at constant pH is established and compared to conventional co‐precipitation. With MACP, the particle growth is limited and through variation of the constant pH during synthesis the pore size of the as‐prepared catalysts is controlled, generating materials for the systematic investigation of confinement effects during OER. At a threshold pore size, overpotential increased significantly. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated a change in OER mechanism, involving the oxygen release step. It is assumed that in smaller pores the critical radius for gas bubble formation is not met and therefore a smaller charge‐transfer resistance is observed for medium frequencies."}],"publication":"ChemSusChem"},{"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"1","year":"2022","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","date_created":"2025-12-03T15:22:16Z","title":"3D atomic-scale imaging of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxide nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction","publication":"Nature Communications","abstract":[{"text":"The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of individual atoms on the surface of catalyst nanoparticles plays a vital role in their activity and stability. Optimising the performance of electrocatalysts requires atomic-scale information, but it is difficult to obtain. Here, we use atom probe tomography to elucidate the 3D structure of 10 nm sized Co2FeO4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We reveal nanoscale spinodal decomposition in pristine Co2FeO4. The interfaces of Co-rich and Fe-rich nanodomains of Co2FeO4 become trapping sites for hydroxyl groups, contributing to a higher OER activity compared to that of CoFe2O4. However, the activity of Co2FeO4 drops considerably due to concurrent irreversible transformation towards CoIVO2 and pronounced Fe dissolution. In contrast, there is negligible elemental redistribution for CoFe2O4 after OER, except for surface structural transformation towards (FeIII, CoIII)2O3. Overall, our study provides a unique 3D compositional distribution of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxides, which gives atomic-scale insights into active sites and the deactivation of electrocatalysts during OER.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","cobalt spinel","electrochemical impedance spectroscopy"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2041-1723"]},"citation":{"apa":"Xiang, W., Yang, N., Li, X., Linnemann, J., Hagemann, U., Ruediger, O., Heidelmann, M., Falk, T., Aramini, M., DeBeer, S., Muhler, M., Tschulik, K., &#38; Li, T. (2022). 3D atomic-scale imaging of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxide nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction. <i>Nature Communications</i>, <i>13</i>(1), Article 179. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>","bibtex":"@article{Xiang_Yang_Li_Linnemann_Hagemann_Ruediger_Heidelmann_Falk_Aramini_DeBeer_et al._2022, title={3D atomic-scale imaging of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxide nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>}, number={1179}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Xiang, Weikai and Yang, Nating and Li, Xiaopeng and Linnemann, Julia and Hagemann, Ulrich and Ruediger, Olaf and Heidelmann, Markus and Falk, Tobias and Aramini, Matteo and DeBeer, Serena and et al.}, year={2022} }","mla":"Xiang, Weikai, et al. “3D Atomic-Scale Imaging of Mixed Co-Fe Spinel Oxide Nanoparticles during Oxygen Evolution Reaction.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, 179, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>.","short":"W. Xiang, N. Yang, X. Li, J. Linnemann, U. Hagemann, O. Ruediger, M. Heidelmann, T. Falk, M. Aramini, S. DeBeer, M. Muhler, K. Tschulik, T. Li, Nature Communications 13 (2022).","ama":"Xiang W, Yang N, Li X, et al. 3D atomic-scale imaging of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxide nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2022;13(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>","ieee":"W. Xiang <i>et al.</i>, “3D atomic-scale imaging of mixed Co-Fe spinel oxide nanoparticles during oxygen evolution reaction,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, Art. no. 179, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>.","chicago":"Xiang, Weikai, Nating Yang, Xiaopeng Li, Julia Linnemann, Ulrich Hagemann, Olaf Ruediger, Markus Heidelmann, et al. “3D Atomic-Scale Imaging of Mixed Co-Fe Spinel Oxide Nanoparticles during Oxygen Evolution Reaction.” <i>Nature Communications</i> 13, no. 1 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2</a>."},"intvolume":"        13","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-03T16:30:12Z","author":[{"last_name":"Xiang","full_name":"Xiang, Weikai","first_name":"Weikai"},{"full_name":"Yang, Nating","last_name":"Yang","first_name":"Nating"},{"last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Xiaopeng","first_name":"Xiaopeng"},{"first_name":"Julia","id":"116779","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","last_name":"Linnemann"},{"first_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Hagemann, Ulrich","last_name":"Hagemann"},{"last_name":"Ruediger","full_name":"Ruediger, Olaf","first_name":"Olaf"},{"first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Heidelmann","full_name":"Heidelmann, Markus"},{"first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Falk, Tobias","last_name":"Falk"},{"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Aramini","full_name":"Aramini, Matteo"},{"last_name":"DeBeer","full_name":"DeBeer, Serena","first_name":"Serena"},{"full_name":"Muhler, Martin","last_name":"Muhler","first_name":"Martin"},{"first_name":"Kristina","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina","last_name":"Tschulik"},{"first_name":"Tong","full_name":"Li, Tong","last_name":"Li"}],"volume":13,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27788-2","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-27788-2","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"62801","user_id":"116779","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"article_number":"179","article_type":"original","extern":"1"},{"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","date_created":"2025-12-03T15:31:28Z","title":"Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"9","year":"2021","keyword":["electrocatalysis"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"ACS Catalysis","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The aim to produce highly active, selective, and long-lived electrocatalysts by design drives major research efforts toward gaining fundamental understanding of the relationship between material properties and their catalytic performance. Surface characterization tools enable to assess atomic scale information on the complexity of electrocatalyst materials. Advancing electrochemical methodologies to adequately characterize such systems was less of a research focus point. In this Review, we shed light on the ability to gain fundamental insights into electrocatalysis from a complementary perspective and establish corresponding design strategies. These may rely on adopting the perceptions and models of other subareas of electrochemistry, such as corrosion, battery research, or electrodeposition. Concepts on how to account for and improve mass transport, manage gas bubble release, or exploit magnetic fields are highlighted in this respect. Particular attention is paid to deriving design strategies for nanoelectrocatalysts, which is often impeded, as structural and physical material properties are buried in electrochemical data of whole electrodes or even devices. Thus, a second major approach focuses on overcoming this difference in the considered level of complexity by methods of single-entity electrochemistry. The gained understanding of intrinsic catalyst performance may allow to rationally advance design concepts with increased complexity, such as three-dimensional electrode architectures. Many materials undergo structural changes upon formation of the working catalyst. Accordingly, developing “precatalysts” with low hindrance of the electrochemical transformation to the active catalyst is suggested as a final design strategy."}],"date_updated":"2025-12-03T16:32:18Z","oa":"1","volume":11,"author":[{"last_name":"Linnemann","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","id":"116779","first_name":"Julia"},{"first_name":"Kannasoot","full_name":"Kanokkanchana, Kannasoot","last_name":"Kanokkanchana"},{"last_name":"Tschulik","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina","first_name":"Kristina"}],"doi":"10.1021/acscatal.0c04118","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2155-5435","2155-5435"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        11","page":"5318-5346","citation":{"chicago":"Linnemann, Julia, Kannasoot Kanokkanchana, and Kristina Tschulik. “Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i> 11, no. 9 (2021): 5318–46. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>.","ieee":"J. Linnemann, K. Kanokkanchana, and K. Tschulik, “Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective,” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 5318–5346, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>.","ama":"Linnemann J, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>. 2021;11(9):5318-5346. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>","apa":"Linnemann, J., Kanokkanchana, K., &#38; Tschulik, K. (2021). Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, <i>11</i>(9), 5318–5346. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>","short":"J. Linnemann, K. Kanokkanchana, K. Tschulik, ACS Catalysis 11 (2021) 5318–5346.","bibtex":"@article{Linnemann_Kanokkanchana_Tschulik_2021, title={Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>}, number={9}, journal={ACS Catalysis}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Linnemann, Julia and Kanokkanchana, Kannasoot and Tschulik, Kristina}, year={2021}, pages={5318–5346} }","mla":"Linnemann, Julia, et al. “Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective.” <i>ACS Catalysis</i>, vol. 11, no. 9, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2021, pp. 5318–46, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04118\">10.1021/acscatal.0c04118</a>."},"_id":"62803","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"user_id":"116779","article_type":"review","extern":"1","type":"journal_article","status":"public"},{"citation":{"chicago":"Liu, Zhibin, Manuel Corva, Hatem M. A. Amin, Niclas Blanc, Julia Linnemann, and Kristina Tschulik. “Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects.” <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i> 22, no. 23 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137</a>.","ieee":"Z. Liu, M. Corva, H. M. A. Amin, N. Blanc, J. Linnemann, and K. Tschulik, “Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects,” <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>, vol. 22, no. 23, Art. no. 13137, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">10.3390/ijms222313137</a>.","ama":"Liu Z, Corva M, Amin HMA, Blanc N, Linnemann J, Tschulik K. Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. 2021;22(23). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">10.3390/ijms222313137</a>","apa":"Liu, Z., Corva, M., Amin, H. M. A., Blanc, N., Linnemann, J., &#38; Tschulik, K. (2021). Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>, <i>22</i>(23), Article 13137. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137</a>","bibtex":"@article{Liu_Corva_Amin_Blanc_Linnemann_Tschulik_2021, title={Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects}, volume={22}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">10.3390/ijms222313137</a>}, number={2313137}, journal={International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Liu, Zhibin and Corva, Manuel and Amin, Hatem M. A. and Blanc, Niclas and Linnemann, Julia and Tschulik, Kristina}, year={2021} }","short":"Z. Liu, M. Corva, H.M.A. Amin, N. Blanc, J. Linnemann, K. Tschulik, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (2021).","mla":"Liu, Zhibin, et al. “Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects.” <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>, vol. 22, no. 23, 13137, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313137\">10.3390/ijms222313137</a>."},"intvolume":"        22","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1422-0067"]},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.3390/ijms222313137","author":[{"last_name":"Liu","full_name":"Liu, Zhibin","first_name":"Zhibin"},{"full_name":"Corva, Manuel","last_name":"Corva","first_name":"Manuel"},{"last_name":"Amin","full_name":"Amin, Hatem M. A.","first_name":"Hatem M. A."},{"last_name":"Blanc","full_name":"Blanc, Niclas","first_name":"Niclas"},{"full_name":"Linnemann, Julia","id":"116779","orcid":"0000-0001-6883-5424","last_name":"Linnemann","first_name":"Julia"},{"first_name":"Kristina","full_name":"Tschulik, Kristina","last_name":"Tschulik"}],"volume":22,"date_updated":"2025-12-03T16:52:35Z","oa":"1","status":"public","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","article_number":"13137","article_type":"original","user_id":"116779","department":[{"_id":"985"}],"_id":"62805","year":"2021","issue":"23","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Single Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects","date_created":"2025-12-03T15:35:52Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","abstract":[{"text":"Single-entity electrochemistry allows for assessing electrocatalytic activities of individual material entities such as nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, it becomes possible to consider intrinsic electrochemical properties of nanocatalysts when researching how activity relates to physical and structural material properties. Conversely, conventional electrochemical techniques provide a normalized sum current referring to a huge ensemble of NPs constituting, along with additives (e.g., binders), a complete catalyst-coated electrode. Accordingly, recording electrocatalytic responses of single NPs avoids interferences of ensemble effects and reduces the complexity of electrocatalytic processes, thus enabling detailed description and modelling. Herein, we present insights into the oxygen evolution catalysis at individual cubic Co3O4 NPs impacting microelectrodes of different support materials. Simulating diffusion at supported nanocubes, measured step current signals can be analyzed, providing edge lengths, corresponding size distributions, and interference-free turnover frequencies. The provided nano-impact investigation of (electro-)catalyst-support effects contradicts assumptions on a low number of highly active sites.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrocatalysis","oxygen evolution reaction","cobalt spinel","single-entity electrochemistry"]}]