@article{34802, abstract = {{Purpose Academic research has intensively analyzed the relationship between market concentration or market power and banking stability but provides ambiguous results, which are summarized under the concentration-stability/fragility view. We provide empirical evidence that the mixed results are due to the difficulty of identifying reliable variables to measure concentration and market power. Design/methodology/approach Using data from 3,943 banks operating in the European Union (EU)-15 between 2013 and 2020, we employ linear regression models on panel data. Banking market concentration is measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), and market power is estimated by the product-specific Lerner Indices for the loan and deposit market, respectively. Findings Our analysis reveals a significantly stability-decreasing impact of market concentration (HHI) and a significantly stability-increasing effect of market power (Lerner Indices). In addition, we provide evidence for a weak (or even absent) empirical relationship between the (non)structural measures, challenging the validity of the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm. Our baseline findings remain robust, especially when controlling for a likely reverse causality. Originality/value Our results suggest that the HHI may reflect other factors beyond market power that influence banking stability. Thus, banking supervisors and competition authorities should investigate market concentration and market power simultaneously while considering their joint impact on banking stability.}}, author = {{Herwald, Sarah and Voigt, Simone and Uhde, André}}, journal = {{Journal of Risk Finance}}, keywords = {{market concentration, market power, banking stability, European banking}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{510 -- 536}}, title = {{{The conditional impact of market consolidation and market power on banking stability – Evidence from Europe}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-03-2023-0075}}, volume = {{25}}, year = {{2024}}, } @article{13147, abstract = {{Employing a unique and hand-collected sample of 648 true sale loan securitization transactions issued by 57 stock-listed banks across the EU-12 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between true sale loan securitization and the issuing banks’ non-performing loans to total assets ratios. Overall, we provide evidence for a negative impact of securitization on NPL exposures suggesting that banks predominantly used securitization as an instrument of credit risk transfer and diversification. In addition, the analysis at hand reveals a time-sensitive relationship between securitization and NPL exposures. While we observe an even stronger NPL-reducing effect through securitization during the non-crisis periods, the effect reverses during and after the global financial crisis suggesting that banks were forced to provide credit enhancement and employ securitization as a funding management tool. Along with the results from a variety of sensitivity analyses our study provides important implications for the recent debate on reducing NPL exposures of European banks by revitalizing the European securitization market.}}, author = {{Wengerek, Sascha Tobias and Hippert, Benjamin and Uhde, André}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance}}, keywords = {{European Banking, Non-performing Loans, Securitization}}, pages = {{48--64}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Risk allocation through securitization – Evidence from non-performing loans}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2022.06.005}}, volume = {{Vol. 86 (11)}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{5163, abstract = {{Employing a unique hand-collected sample of 956 credit risk securitization transactions issued by 64 stock-listed European banks across the EU-13 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of securitization on the issuing banks’ effective tax rates. Our analysis reveals that banks may reduce their tax expense through securitization via a direct and indirect channel suggesting that tax avoidance may be a further motive for banks to engage in the securitization business. These baseline findings remain robust under various robustness checks, especially when implementing structural equation models and controlling for a reverse causality between the banks’ tax burden and their incentive to securitize. Finally, various sensitivity analyses provide further important results and implications for tax policies, banking regulation and the ongoing process of revitalizing the European securitization market.}}, author = {{Uhde, André}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance}}, keywords = {{Securitization, Credit risk transfer, Effective tax rates, European banking}}, pages = {{411--421}}, title = {{{Tax avoidance through securitization}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.qref.2020.07.008}}, volume = {{79}}, year = {{2021}}, } @techreport{29316, abstract = {{Employing a unique and hand-collected dataset of securitization transactions by European banks, this paper analyzes the relationship between true sale loan securitization and the issuing banks’ non-performing loans to total assets ratios (NPLRs). We provide evidence for an NPLR-reducing effect during the boom phase of securitizations suggesting that banks (partly) securitized NPLs as the most risky junior tranche. In contrast, we find the reverse effect during the crises period indicating that issuing banks demonstrated `skin in the game'. A variety of sensitivity analyses provides further important implications for the vital debate on reducing NPL exposures and regulating securitization markets.}}, author = {{Hippert, Benjamin and Uhde, André and Wengerek, Sascha Tobias}}, keywords = {{European Banking, Non-performing Loans, Risk Allocation, Securitization}}, title = {{{Risk allocation through securitization - Evidence from non-performing loans}}}, year = {{2021}}, } @article{17522, abstract = {{Employing a unique hand-collected sample of 956 credit risk securitization transactions issued by 64 stock-listed European banks across the EU-13 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of securitization on the issuing banks’ effective tax rates. Our analysis reveals that banks may reduce their tax expense through securitization via a direct and indirect channel suggesting that tax avoidance may be a further motive for banks to engage in the securitization business. These baseline findings remain robust under various robustness checks, especially when implementing structural equation models and controlling for a reverse causality between the banks’ tax burden and their incentive to securitize. Finally, various sensitivity analyses provide further important results and implications for tax policies, banking regulation and the ongoing process of revitalizing the European securitization market.}}, author = {{Uhde, André}}, issn = {{1062-9769}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance}}, keywords = {{Securitization, Credit risk transfer, Effective tax rates, European banking}}, title = {{{Tax avoidance through securitization}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.qref.2020.07.008}}, year = {{2020}}, } @article{17401, abstract = {{Employing a unique hand-collected sample of 956 credit risk securitization transactions issued by 64 stock-listed European banks across the EU-13 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of securitization on the issuing banks’ effective tax rates. Our analysis reveals that banks may reduce their tax expense through securitization via a direct and indirect channel suggesting that tax avoidance may be a further motive for banks to engage in the securitization business. These baseline findings remain robust under various robustness checks, especially when implementing structural equation models and controlling for a reverse causality between the banks’ tax burden and their incentive to securitize. Finally, various sensitivity analyses provide further important results and implications for tax policies, banking regulation and the ongoing process of revitalizing the European securitization market.}}, author = {{Uhde, André}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance}}, keywords = {{Securitization, credit risk transfer, effective tax rates, European banking}}, title = {{{Tax avoidance through securitization}}}, year = {{2020}}, } @techreport{5171, abstract = {{Employing a unique and hand-collected sample of 648 true sale loan securitization transactions issued by 57 stock-listed banks across the EU-12 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between true sale loan securitization and the issuing banks' non-performing loan to total assets ratios (NPLRs). We provide evidence for an NPLR-reducing effect during the boom phase of securitizations in Europe suggesting that banks in our sample may (partly) securitize NPLs as the most risky junior tranche and do not (fully) retain NPLs as a reputation and quality signal towards less informed investors in imperfect capital markets. In contrast, we fi nd the reverse effect during the crises period in Europe indicating that issuing banks provided credit enhancement and demonstrated `skin in the game'. Our baseline result remains robust when controlling for endogeneity concerns and a potential persistence in the time series of the NPL data. Moreover, results from a variety of sensitivity analysis reveal that the NPLR-reducing effect is stronger for opaque securitization transactions, for issuing banks exhibiting higher average levels of NPLRs and for banks operating from non-PIIGS countries. In addition, a reduction of NPLRs through securitization is observed for issued collateralized debt obligations, residential mortgage-backed securities, consumer and other unspeci ed loans as well as for non-frequently issuing, systemically less important and worse-rated banks. Our analysis offers essential insights into the loan risk allocation process through securitization and provides important implications for the vital debate on reducing NPL exposures and the process of revitalizing and regulating the European securitization market.}}, author = {{Uhde, André and Wengerek, Sascha Tobias}}, keywords = {{European Banking, Non-performing Loans, Risk Allocation, Securitization}}, title = {{{The relationship between credit risk transfer and non-performing loans. Evidence from European banks}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @article{4396, abstract = {{Analyzing 75 securitizing and non-securitizing stock-listed banks in the EU-13 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2010, this paper provides empirical evidence that loan securitization in Europe is a composite decision based on bank-specific as well as market- and country-specific determinants. In addition, we find that these determinants remarkably change when separately investigating securitization transactions during the pre-crisis and crisis period. Moreover, results from several subsample regressions reveal that determinants of loan securitizations in Europe depend on the transaction type, the underlying asset portfolio and the regulatory and institutional environment under which banks operate.}}, author = {{Farruggio, Christian and Uhde, André}}, journal = {{Journal of Banking and Finance}}, keywords = {{Securitization, Determinants, European banking}}, pages = {{12--27}}, title = {{{Determinants of loan securitization in European banking}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.01.015 }}, volume = {{56}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{4399, abstract = {{Using a unique sample of 749 cash and synthetic securitization transactions issued by 60 stock-listed bank holdings in the EU-13 plus Switzerland over the period from 1997 to 2007 this paper provides empirical evidence that credit risk securitization has a negative impact on the issuing banks’ financial soundness. Baseline findings hold even when controlling for likely reverse causality by employing instrumental variable techniques and substituting the accounting-based z-score ratio by market-based indicators of bank risk. Moreover, investigating the relationship between credit risk securitization and single z-score components in order to evaluate significant transmission channels proposed by relevant theoretical literature, we find a negative impact of securitization on bank profitability and capital environment as well as a positive relationship between securitization and the issuing bank's return volatility. Against the background of our empirical results we underline that the decision by the Basel Committee to enhance the new Basel III framework in the field of securitization is a step in the right direction.}}, author = {{Michalak, Tobias C. and Uhde, André}}, journal = {{Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance}}, keywords = {{Credit risk securitization Bank soundness European banking}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{272--285}}, title = {{{ Credit risk securitization and bank soundness: Evidence from the microlevel for Europe}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2012.04.008}}, volume = {{52}}, year = {{2012}}, } @techreport{36021, abstract = {{Using a sample of stock-listed bank holding companies located in Western Europe over the period from 1997 to 2008 this paper provides empirical evidence that an increase in short-term interest rates as well as an extended period of expansionary monetary policy has a negative impact on European stock-listed banks’ soundness as measured by the Expected Default Frequency. Against this background and in order to evaluate interactions between the risk-taking channel of monetary policy and the competitiveness of a country’s banking market we find a negative impact of an increase in competition in the loan market – proxied by the Boone-indicator – on financial soundness. Referring to the structural-conduct performance (SCP) paradigm, this paper provides further evidence that an increase in concentration in the banking market spurs financial soundness. }}, author = {{Michalak, Tobias C. and Uhde, André}}, keywords = {{risk-taking channel, competition, concentration, bank soundness, European banking}}, publisher = {{Paderborn University}}, title = {{{The Nexus between Monetary Policy, Banking Market Structure and Bank Risk Taking}}}, year = {{2011}}, }