[{"author":[{"first_name":"Kevin","id":"36303","full_name":"Malena, Kevin","last_name":"Malena","orcid":"0000-0003-1183-4679"},{"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Link","full_name":"Link, Christopher","id":"38249"},{"last_name":"Bußemas","id":"51118","full_name":"Bußemas, Leon","first_name":"Leon"},{"last_name":"Gausemeier","full_name":"Gausemeier, Sandra","id":"17793","first_name":"Sandra"},{"full_name":"Trächtler, Ansgar","id":"552","last_name":"Trächtler","first_name":"Ansgar"}],"volume":1612,"date_updated":"2026-01-26T08:49:52Z","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"24159","relation":"continues"}]},"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783031170973","9783031170980"],"issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"]},"citation":{"ieee":"K. Malena, C. Link, L. Bußemas, S. Gausemeier, and A. Trächtler, “Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments,” in <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>, vol. 1612, C. Klein, M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, and O. Gusikhin, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022, pp. 232–254.","chicago":"Malena, Kevin, Christopher Link, Leon Bußemas, Sandra Gausemeier, and Ansgar Trächtler. “Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments.” In <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>, edited by Cornel Klein, Mathias Jarke, Markus Helfert, Karsten Berns, and Oleg Gusikhin, 1612:232–254. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>.","ama":"Malena K, Link C, Bußemas L, Gausemeier S, Trächtler A. Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments. In: Klein C, Jarke M, Helfert M, Berns K, Gusikhin O, eds. <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>. Vol 1612. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing; 2022:232–254. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>","apa":"Malena, K., Link, C., Bußemas, L., Gausemeier, S., &#38; Trächtler, A. (2022). Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments. In C. Klein, M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, &#38; O. Gusikhin (Eds.), <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i> (Vol. 1612, pp. 232–254). Springer International Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>","bibtex":"@inbook{Malena_Link_Bußemas_Gausemeier_Trächtler_2022, place={Cham}, series={Communications in Computer and Information Science}, title={Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments}, volume={1612}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>}, booktitle={Communications in Computer and Information Science}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Malena, Kevin and Link, Christopher and Bußemas, Leon and Gausemeier, Sandra and Trächtler, Ansgar}, editor={Klein, Cornel and Jarke, Mathias and Helfert, Markus and Berns, Karsten and Gusikhin, Oleg}, year={2022}, pages={232–254}, collection={Communications in Computer and Information Science} }","mla":"Malena, Kevin, et al. “Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments.” <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>, edited by Cornel Klein et al., vol. 1612, Springer International Publishing, 2022, pp. 232–254, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>.","short":"K. Malena, C. Link, L. Bußemas, S. Gausemeier, A. Trächtler, in: C. Klein, M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, O. Gusikhin (Eds.), Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022, pp. 232–254."},"intvolume":"      1612","page":"232–254","place":"Cham","series_title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","user_id":"552","department":[{"_id":"153"}],"_id":"33849","type":"book_chapter","status":"public","editor":[{"full_name":"Klein, Cornel","last_name":"Klein","first_name":"Cornel"},{"first_name":"Mathias","full_name":"Jarke, Mathias","last_name":"Jarke"},{"first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Helfert, Markus","last_name":"Helfert"},{"last_name":"Berns","full_name":"Berns, Karsten","first_name":"Karsten"},{"last_name":"Gusikhin","full_name":"Gusikhin, Oleg","first_name":"Oleg"}],"date_created":"2022-10-20T15:06:39Z","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","title":"Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2022","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Traffic control","Traffic estimation","Real-time","MPC","Fuzzy","Isolated intersection","Networked intersection","Sensor fusion"],"publication":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","abstract":[{"text":"Modern traffic control systems are key to cope with current and future traffic challenges. In this paper information obtained from a microscopic traffic estimation using various data sources is used to feed a new developed traffic control approach. The presented method can control a traffic area with multiple traffic light systems (TLS) reacting to individual road users and pedestrians. In contrast to widespread green time extension techniques, this control selects the best phase sequence by analyzing the current traffic state reconstructed in SUMO and its predicted progress. To achieve this, the key aspect of the control strategy is to use Model Predictive Control (MPC). In order to maintain realism for real world applications, among other things, the traffic phase transitions are modelled in detail and integrated within the prediction. For the efficiency, the approach incorporates a fuzzy logic preselection of all phases reducing the computational effort. The evaluation itself is able to be easily adjusted to focus on various objectives like low occupancies, reducing waiting times and emissions, few number of phase transitions etc. determining the best switching times for the selected phases. Exemplary traffic simulations demonstrate the functionality of the MPC-based control and, in addition, some aspects under development like the real-world communication network are also discussed.","lang":"eng"}]},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":[" 2325-3444"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"3-4","year":"2017","intvolume":"         5","citation":{"apa":"Mahnken, R. (2017). “A variational formulation for fuzzy analysis in continuum mechanics.” <i>Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems</i>, <i>5</i>(3–4).","mla":"Mahnken, Rolf. “‘A Variational Formulation for Fuzzy Analysis in Continuum Mechanics.’” <i>Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems</i>, vol. 5, no. 3–4, 2017.","bibtex":"@article{Mahnken_2017, title={“A variational formulation for fuzzy analysis in continuum mechanics”}, volume={5}, number={3–4}, journal={Mathematics and Mechanics of complex systems}, author={Mahnken, Rolf}, year={2017} }","short":"R. Mahnken, Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems 5 (2017).","ama":"Mahnken R. “A variational formulation for fuzzy analysis in continuum mechanics.” <i>Mathematics and Mechanics of complex systems</i>. 2017;5(3-4).","ieee":"R. Mahnken, “‘A variational formulation for fuzzy analysis in continuum mechanics,’” <i>Mathematics and Mechanics of complex systems</i>, vol. 5, no. 3–4, 2017.","chicago":"Mahnken, Rolf. “‘A Variational Formulation for Fuzzy Analysis in Continuum Mechanics.’” <i>Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems</i> 5, no. 3–4 (2017)."},"date_updated":"2019-05-27T12:54:35Z","oa":"1","volume":5,"author":[{"full_name":"Mahnken, Rolf","last_name":"Mahnken","first_name":"Rolf"}],"date_created":"2019-05-20T11:36:47Z","title":"\"A variational formulation for fuzzy analysis in continuum mechanics\"","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://msp.org/memocs/2017/5-3/memocs-v5-n3-p03-s.pdf"}],"publication":"Mathematics and Mechanics of complex systems","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"In order to improve the credibility of modern simulation tools, uncertainties of different kinds have to be considered. This work is focused on epistemic uncertainties in the framework of continuum mechanics, which are taken into account by fuzzy analysis. The underlying min-max optimization problem of the extension principle is approximated by α-discretization, resulting in a separation of minimum and maximum problems. To become more universal, so-called quantities of interest are employed, which allow a general formulation for the target problem of interest. In this way, the relation to parameter identification problems based on least-squares functions is highlighted. The solutions of the related optimization problems with simple constraints are obtained with a gradient-based scheme, which is derived from a sensitvity analysis for the target problem by means of a variational formulation. Two numerical examples for the fuzzy analysis of material parameters are concerned with a necking problem at large strain elastoplasticity and a perforated strip at large strain hyperelasticity to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed variational formulation. ","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","_id":"9862","department":[{"_id":"154"}],"user_id":"78813","keyword":["fuzzy analysis","α-level optimization","quantities of interest","optimization with simple constraints","large strain elasticity","large strain elastoplasticity"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"author":[{"id":"23","full_name":"Blömer, Johannes","last_name":"Blömer","first_name":"Johannes"},{"first_name":"Sascha","full_name":"Brauer, Sascha","id":"13291","last_name":"Brauer"},{"first_name":"Kathrin","full_name":"Bujna, Kathrin","last_name":"Bujna"}],"date_created":"2018-04-17T11:46:07Z","publisher":"IEEE","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:55:58Z","conference":{"name":"IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)","start_date":"2016-12-12","end_date":"2016-12-15","location":"Barcelona, Spain"},"doi":"10.1109/icdm.2016.0094","title":"A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781509054732"]},"citation":{"chicago":"Blömer, Johannes, Sascha Brauer, and Kathrin Bujna. “A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem.” In <i>2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)</i>, 805–10. IEEE, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094\">https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094</a>.","ieee":"J. Blömer, S. Brauer, and K. Bujna, “A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem,” in <i>2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)</i>, Barcelona, Spain, 2016, pp. 805–810.","ama":"Blömer J, Brauer S, Bujna K. A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem. In: <i>2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)</i>. IEEE; 2016:805-810. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094\">10.1109/icdm.2016.0094</a>","apa":"Blömer, J., Brauer, S., &#38; Bujna, K. (2016). A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem. In <i>2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)</i> (pp. 805–810). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094\">https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094</a>","mla":"Blömer, Johannes, et al. “A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem.” <i>2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)</i>, IEEE, 2016, pp. 805–10, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094\">10.1109/icdm.2016.0094</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Blömer_Brauer_Bujna_2016, title={A Theoretical Analysis of the Fuzzy K-Means Problem}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0094\">10.1109/icdm.2016.0094</a>}, booktitle={2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Blömer, Johannes and Brauer, Sascha and Bujna, Kathrin}, year={2016}, pages={805–810} }","short":"J. Blömer, S. Brauer, K. Bujna, in: 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE, 2016, pp. 805–810."},"page":"805-810","year":"2016","user_id":"25078","department":[{"_id":"64"}],"_id":"2367","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["unsolvability by radicals","clustering","fuzzy k-means","probabilistic method","approximation algorithms","randomized algorithms"],"type":"conference","publication":"2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"One of the most popular fuzzy clustering techniques is the fuzzy K-means algorithm (also known as fuzzy-c-means or FCM algorithm). In contrast to the K-means and K-median problem, the underlying fuzzy K-means problem has not been studied from a theoretical point of view. In particular, there are no algorithms with approximation guarantees similar to the famous K-means++ algorithm known for the fuzzy K-means problem. This work initiates the study of the fuzzy K-means problem from an algorithmic and complexity theoretic perspective. We show that optimal solutions for the fuzzy K-means problem cannot, in general, be expressed by radicals over the input points. Surprisingly, this already holds for simple inputs in one-dimensional space. Hence, one cannot expect to compute optimal solutions exactly. We give the first (1+eps)-approximation algorithms for the fuzzy K-means problem. First, we present a deterministic approximation algorithm whose runtime is polynomial in N and linear in the dimension D of the input set, given that K is constant, i.e. a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) for fixed K. We achieve this result by showing that for each soft clustering there exists a hard clustering with similar properties. Second, by using techniques known from coreset constructions for the K-means problem, we develop a deterministic approximation algorithm that runs in time almost linear in N but exponential in the dimension D. We complement these results with a randomized algorithm which imposes some natural restrictions on the sought solution and whose runtime is comparable to some of the most efficient approximation algorithms for K-means, i.e. linear in the number of points and the dimension, but exponential in the number of clusters."}]},{"keyword":["Manufacturing systems","Fuzzy control","Multiagent systems","Control systems","Concurrent computing","Specification languages","Communication standards","Standards development","Communication system control","Computer integrated manufacturing"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"39474","department":[{"_id":"672"}],"user_id":"5786","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Agent-based systems technologies are of emerging interest in the specification and implementation of complex systems. This article introduces the CASA agent development system which seamlessly combines the BDI (belief desire intention) approach with the FIPA agent communication language standard and an integrated specification of fuzzy controllers. The behavior of agents is defined by strategies which basically correspond to extended guarded Horn clauses with priorities. The presented concepts are introduced by an example from computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The example gives the specification of a fuzzy controller for a manufacturing station in the context of a holonic manufacturing system (HMS)."}],"status":"public","publication":"Proceedings of NAFIPS'99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society","type":"conference","title":"Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control","doi":"10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697","conference":{"name":"18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society - NAFIPS","location":"New York, NY, USA "},"date_updated":"2023-01-24T11:21:57Z","publisher":"IEEE","author":[{"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Flake","full_name":"Flake, Stephan"},{"full_name":"Geiger, Christian","last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Christian"},{"full_name":"Lehrenfeld, G.","last_name":"Lehrenfeld","first_name":"G."},{"full_name":"Müller, Wolfgang","id":"16243","last_name":"Müller","first_name":"Wolfgang"},{"last_name":"Paelke","full_name":"Paelke, Volker","first_name":"Volker"}],"date_created":"2023-01-24T11:21:53Z","place":"New York, NY, USA ","year":"1999","citation":{"apa":"Flake, S., Geiger, C., Lehrenfeld, G., Müller, W., &#38; Paelke, V. (1999). Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control. <i>Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society</i>. 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society - NAFIPS, New York, NY, USA . <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>","mla":"Flake, Stephan, et al. “Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control.” <i>Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society</i>, IEEE, 1999, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Flake_Geiger_Lehrenfeld_Müller_Paelke_1999, place={New York, NY, USA }, title={Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Flake, Stephan and Geiger, Christian and Lehrenfeld, G. and Müller, Wolfgang and Paelke, Volker}, year={1999} }","short":"S. Flake, C. Geiger, G. Lehrenfeld, W. Müller, V. Paelke, in: Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, IEEE, New York, NY, USA , 1999.","ama":"Flake S, Geiger C, Lehrenfeld G, Müller W, Paelke V. Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control. In: <i>Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society</i>. IEEE; 1999. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>","ieee":"S. Flake, C. Geiger, G. Lehrenfeld, W. Müller, and V. Paelke, “Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control,” presented at the 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society - NAFIPS, New York, NY, USA , 1999, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>.","chicago":"Flake, Stephan, Christian Geiger, G. Lehrenfeld, Wolfgang Müller, and Volker Paelke. “Agent-Based Modeling for Holonic Manufacturing Systems with Fuzzy Control.” In <i>Proceedings of NAFIPS’99, 18th International Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society</i>. New York, NY, USA : IEEE, 1999. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697\">https://doi.org/10.1109/NAFIPS.1999.781697</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0-7803-5211-4"]}},{"date_updated":"2023-01-24T11:51:08Z","date_created":"2023-01-24T11:51:04Z","author":[{"full_name":"Dücker, M.","last_name":"Dücker","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Geiger, Christian","last_name":"Geiger"},{"full_name":"Lehrenfeld, Georg","last_name":"Lehrenfeld","first_name":"Georg"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Müller, Wolfgang","id":"16243","last_name":"Müller"},{"last_name":"Tahedl","full_name":"Tahedl, C.","first_name":"C."}],"title":"A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data","doi":"10.1109/VL.1997.626593","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0-8186-8144-6"]},"place":"Capri, Italy","year":"1997","citation":{"chicago":"Dücker, M., Christian Geiger, Georg Lehrenfeld, Wolfgang Müller, and C. Tahedl. “A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data.” In <i>Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages</i>. Capri, Italy, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>.","ieee":"M. Dücker, C. Geiger, G. Lehrenfeld, W. Müller, and C. Tahedl, “A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data,” 1997, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>.","ama":"Dücker M, Geiger C, Lehrenfeld G, Müller W, Tahedl C. A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data. In: <i>Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages</i>. ; 1997. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>","apa":"Dücker, M., Geiger, C., Lehrenfeld, G., Müller, W., &#38; Tahedl, C. (1997). A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data. <i>Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Dücker_Geiger_Lehrenfeld_Müller_Tahedl_1997, place={Capri, Italy}, title={A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages}, author={Dücker, M. and Geiger, Christian and Lehrenfeld, Georg and Müller, Wolfgang and Tahedl, C.}, year={1997} }","mla":"Dücker, M., et al. “A Visual Programming Language for Qualitative Data.” <i>Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages</i>, 1997, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1997.626593\">10.1109/VL.1997.626593</a>.","short":"M. Dücker, C. Geiger, G. Lehrenfeld, W. Müller, C. Tahedl, in: Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Capri, Italy, 1997."},"_id":"39510","department":[{"_id":"672"}],"user_id":"5786","keyword":["Computer languages","Fuzzy control","Fuzzy sets","Animation","Visualization","Fires","Application software","Pattern matching","Impedance matching","Domain specific languages"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages","type":"conference","abstract":[{"text":"Modeling of human knowledge and reasoning requires the formulation of uncertainty in its various forms. Fuzzy logic was introduced to directly support these applications (H. Zimmermann, 1991). Fuzzy control (FC) which is based on fuzzy logic allows one to control complex systems based on qualitative information like human knowledge (C. Geiger and G. Lehrenfeld, 1994). In fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets are usually defined and manipulated by means of complex mathematics, whereas the fuzzy control process is frequently outlined by visual sketches based on set diagrams in order to enhance the comprehension of the inference process. The rule based execution of this process usually follows the lines of rule based visual programming languages (VPLs), i.e., languages comparable to Agentsheets and ChemTrains. This strongly indicates that VPLs are thus well applicable for this use. We first outline the basic concepts of fuzzy logic and fuzzy control. Thereafter, we sketch a visual language which integrates fuzzy set diagrams in the visual representation of rules. The basic concepts are inherited from the complete visual programming language, Pictorial Janus (PJ). However, we significantly simplify PJ's visual concepts in order to adapt it for our purpose.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public"}]