@article{6071,
  abstract     = {{Particular differences between an object and its surrounding cause salience, guide attention, and improve performance in various tasks. While much research has been dedicated to identifying which feature dimensions contribute to salience, much less regard has been paid to the quantitative strength of the salience caused by feature differences. Only a few studies systematically related salience effects to a common salience measure, and they are partly outdated in the light of new findings on the time course of salience effects. We propose Bundesen’s Theory of Visual Attention (TV A) as a theoretical basis for measuring salience and introduce an empirical and modeling approach to link this theory to data retrieved from temporal-order judgments. With this procedure, TV A becomes applicable to a broad range of salience-related stimulus material. Three experiments with orientation pop-out displays demonstrate the feasibility of the method. A 4th experiment substantiates its applicability t}},
  author       = {{Krüger, Alexander and Tünnermann, Jan and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1895-1171}},
  journal      = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}},
  keywords     = {{salience, visual attention, Bayesian inference, theory of visual attention, computational modeling, Visual Attention, Computational Modeling, Inference, Judgment, Statistical Probability}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{20 -- 38}},
  title        = {{{Fast and conspicuous? Quantifying salience with the theory of visual attention.}}},
  doi          = {{10.5709/acp-0184-1}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

@article{6080,
  abstract     = {{Peripheral visual cues lead to large shifts in psychometric distributions of temporal-order judgments. In one view, such shifts are attributed to attention speeding up processing of the cued stimulus, so-called prior entry. However, sometimes these shifts are so large that it is unlikely that they are caused by attention alone. Here we tested the prevalent alternative explanation that the cue is sometimes confused with the target on a perceptual level, bolstering the shift of the psychometric function. We applied a novel model of cued temporal-order judgments, derived from Bundesen’s Theory of Visual Attention.We found that cue–target confusions indeed contribute to shifting psychometric functions. However, cue-induced changes in the processing rates of the target stimuli play an important role, too. At smaller cueing intervals, the cue increased the processing speed of the target. At larger intervals, inhibition of return was predominant. Earlier studies of cued TOJs were insensitive}},
  author       = {{Tünnermann, Jan and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1664-1078}},
  journal      = {{Frontiers in Psychology}},
  keywords     = {{cueing, temporal-order judgements, theory of visual attention (TVA), peripheral cue, processing speed, stimulus encoding, prior entry, Attention, Cues, Face Perception, Judgment}},
  title        = {{{Peripheral visual cues: Their fate in processing and effects on attention and temporal-order perception.}}},
  doi          = {{10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01442}},
  volume       = {{7}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

@article{6066,
  abstract     = {{Selective visual attention improves performance in many tasks. Among others, it leads to 'prior entry'—earlier perception of an attended compared to an unattended stimulus. Whether this phenomenon is purely based on an increase of the processing rate of the attended stimulus or if a decrease in the processing rate of the unattended stimulus also contributes to the effect is, up to now, unanswered. Here we describe a novel approach to this question based on Bundesen’s Theory of Visual Attention, which we use to overcome the limitations of earlier prior-entry assessment with temporal order judgments (TOJs) that only allow relative statements regarding the processing speed of attended and unattended stimuli. Prevalent models of prior entry in TOJs either indirectly predict a pure acceleration or cannot model the difference between acceleration and deceleration. In a paradigm that combines a letter-identification task with TOJs, we show that indeed acceleration of the attended and deceler}},
  author       = {{Tünnermann, Jan and Petersen, Anders and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1534-7362}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Vision}},
  keywords     = {{unattended stimuli, attention speed, cognitive processing, Attention, Humans, Judgment, Mental Recall, Visual Perception, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Perception, Visual Attention, Cognitive Processes, Velocity}},
  number       = {{3}},
  title        = {{{Does attention speed up processing? Decreases and increases of processing rates in visual prior entry.}}},
  doi          = {{10.1167/15.3.1}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{6064,
  abstract     = {{If one of two events is attended to, it will be perceived earlier than a simultaneously occurring unattended event. Since 150 years, this effect has been ascribed to the facilitating influence of attention, also known as prior entry. Yet, the attentional origin of prior-entry effects¹ has been repeatedly doubted. One criticism is that prior-entry effects might be due to biased decision processes that would mimic a temporal advantage for attended stimuli. Although most obvious biases have already been excluded experimentally (e.g. judgment criteria, response compatibility) and prior-entry effects have shown to persist (Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001), many other biases are conceivable, which makes it difficult to put the debate to an end. Thus, we approach this problem the other way around by asking whether prior-entry effects can be biased voluntarily. Observers were informed about prior entry and instructed to reduce it as far as possible. For this aim they received continuous feedback}},
  author       = {{Weiß, Katharina and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0001-6918}},
  journal      = {{Acta Psychologica}},
  keywords     = {{intentions, events, attention, decision processes, Adult, Attention, Choice Behavior, Cues, Female, Humans, Intention, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Decision Making, Experiences (Events), Intention}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{54 -- 64}},
  title        = {{{At the mercy of prior entry: Prior entry induced by invisible primes is not susceptible to current intentions.}}},
  volume       = {{139}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@article{6085,
  abstract     = {{In three experiments, we tested whether sequentially coding two visual stimuli can create a spatial misperception of a visual moving stimulus. In Experiment 1, we showed that a spatial misperception, the flash-lag effect, is accompanied by a similar temporal misperception of first perceiving the flash and only then a change of the moving stimulus, when in fact the two events were exactly simultaneous. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that when the spatial misperception of a flash-lag effect is absent, the temporal misperception is also absent. In Experiment 3, we extended these findings and showed that if the stimulus conditions require coding first a flash and subsequently a nearby moving stimulus, a spatial flash-lag effect is found, with the position of the moving stimulus being misperceived as shifted in the direction of its motion, whereas this spatial misperception is reversed so that the moving stimulus is misperceived as shifted in a direction opposite to its motion when the c}},
  author       = {{Priess, Heinz-Werner and Scharlau, Ingrid and Becker, Stefanie I. and Ansorge, Ulrich}},
  issn         = {{1943-3921}},
  journal      = {{Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics}},
  keywords     = {{spatial mislocalization, sequential coding, stimulus parameters, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Humans, Judgment, Motion Perception, Optical Illusions, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Space Perception, Cognitive Processes, Motion Perception, Perceptual Localization, Spatial Perception, Stimulus Parameters, Consequence}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{365 -- 378}},
  title        = {{{Spatial mislocalization as a consequence of sequential coding of stimuli.}}},
  volume       = {{74}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@article{6084,
  abstract     = {{Attended stimuli are perceived as occurring earlier than unattended stimuli. This phenomenon of prior entry is usually identified by a shift in the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) in temporal order judgements (TOJs). According to its traditional psychophysical interpretation, the PSS coincides with the perception of simultaneity. This assumption is, however, questionable. Technically, the PSS represents the temporal interval between two stimuli at which the two alternative TOJs are equally likely. Thus it also seems possible that observers perceive not simultaneity, but uncertainty of temporal order. This possibility is supported by prior-entry studies, which find that perception of simultaneity is not very likely at the PSS. The present study tested the percept at the PSS in prior entry, using peripheral cues to orient attention. We found that manipulating attention caused varying temporal perceptions around the PSS. On some occasions observers perceived the two stimuli as sim}},
  author       = {{Weiß, Katharina and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1747-0218}},
  journal      = {{The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}},
  keywords     = {{temporal order perception, simultaneity, temporal order judgment, attention, visual perception, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Models, Psychological, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Uncertainty, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Attention, Judgment, Stimulus Similarity, Time Perception, Visual Discrimination, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{394 -- 416}},
  title        = {{{Simultaneity and temporal order perception: Different sides of the same coin? Evidence from a visual prior-entry study.}}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

@article{6067,
  abstract     = {{Implicit change detection demonstrates how the visual system can benefit from stored information that is not immediately available to conscious awareness. We investigated the role of motor action in this context. In the first two experiments, using a one-shot implicit change detection paradigm, participants responded to unperceived changes either with an action (jabbing the screen at the guessed location of a change) or with words (verbal report), and sat either 60 cm or 300 cm (with a laser pointer) away from the display. Our observers guessed the locations of changes at a reachable distance better with an action than with a verbal judgment. At 300 cm, beyond reach, the motor advantage disappeared. In experiment 3, this advantage was also unavailable when participants sat at a reachable distance but responded with hand-held laser pointers near their bodies. We conclude that a motor system specialized for real-time visually guided behavior has access to additional visual information. }},
  author       = {{Tseng, Philip and Tuennermann, Jan and Roker-Knight, Nancy and Winter, Dorina and Scharlau, Ingrid and Bridgeman, Bruce}},
  issn         = {{0301-0066}},
  journal      = {{Perception}},
  keywords     = {{implicit change detection, action perception, visual system, perceptual judgment, verbal fluency, Analysis of Variance, Awareness, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Random Allocation, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Visual Memory, Visual Stimulation, Implicit Memory, Judgment, Perceptual Discrimination}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{1311 -- 1321}},
  title        = {{{Enhancing implicit change detection through action.}}},
  volume       = {{39}},
  year         = {{2010}},
}

@article{6093,
  abstract     = {{The U-shaped metacontrast function may result from the superimposition of two monotonic components which reflect the effects of mechanisms similar to the peripheral and central processes suggested for backward pattern masking by Turvey (Psychol Rev 80:1-52, 1973). In an experiment using the disc-ring paradigm, it was demonstrated that the decreasing and increasing branches of the metacontrast function are differently affected by the exposure duration of the mask and a task-irrelevant stimulus (distractor) appearing in the contralateral visual hemifield. The phenomenal representation of masking is different for the two parts of the curve. It is suggested that masking in the second part of the masking function, but not in the first, is related to the control of visual attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{visual attention, metacontrast, backward pattern masking, monotonic components superimposition, Attention, Contrast Sensitivity, Humans, Judgment, Perceptual Masking, Visual Perception, Metacognition, Visual Contrast, Visual Attention, Visual Masking}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{626 -- 633}},
  title        = {{{Visual attention and the mechanism of metacontrast.}}},
  volume       = {{71}},
  year         = {{2007}},
}

@article{6079,
  abstract     = {{The present paper reviews recent research on perceptual latency priming (PLP). PLP is the relative latency advantage--earlier perception--of a visual stimulus that is preceded by another, masked stimulus at its location. The first stimulus attracts attention which accelerates perception of the second stimulus. This facilitation arises even if the first stimulus is visually backward-masked by the second one. The paper summarises research on temporal and spatial properties of PLP and the question whether intentions mediate shifts of attention to external events. Possible sources of PLP besides visuo-spatial attention are discussed. Finally, I give a review of feedforward and reentrant models of PLP and compare them to the empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, attentional facilitation, visuospatial attention, visual backward masking, prior entry, Attention, Humans, Judgment, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Attention, Priming, Response Latency, Visual Masking, Visuospatial Ability}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{678 -- 686}},
  title        = {{{Perceptual latency priming: A measure of attentional facilitation.}}},
  volume       = {{71}},
  year         = {{2007}},
}

@article{6073,
  abstract     = {{The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation w}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot}},
  issn         = {{0001-6918}},
  journal      = {{Acta Psychologica}},
  keywords     = {{latency facilitation, temporal order judgments, visual processing, priming, conscious perception, visual mask, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Consciousness States, Judgment, Priming, Visual Masking, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{129 -- 159}},
  title        = {{{Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: Time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type.}}},
  volume       = {{122}},
  year         = {{2006}},
}

@article{6068,
  abstract     = {{Attending to a location shortens the perceptual latency of stimuli appearing at this location (perceptual latency priming). According to attentional explanations, perceptual latency priming relies on the speeded transfer of attended visual information into an internal model. However, doubts about the attentional origin have repeatedly been raised because efforts to minimize response bias have been insufficient in most studies. Five experiments investigated the contribution of a response bias to perceptual latency priming (judgment bias due to the two-alternative forced-choice method and due to the existence of the prime, criterion effects or second-order bias, sensorimotor priming). If any, only small response biases were found. The results thus support the attentional explanation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{response bias, temporal order tasks, attention manipulation, masked primes, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Attention, Latent Learning, Priming, Response Bias, Visual Perception, Response Latency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{224 -- 236}},
  title        = {{{Evidence against response bias in temporal order tasks with attention manipulation by masked primes.}}},
  volume       = {{68}},
  year         = {{2004}},
}

@article{6065,
  abstract     = {{In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down }},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}},
  issn         = {{0042-6989}},
  journal      = {{Vision Research}},
  keywords     = {{direct parameter specification, DPS, attention shift, latency priming, sensorimotor control, stimuli, task-relevant features, visual targets, color, shape, latency effects, Adult, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Attention, Perceptual Motor Processes, Response Latency, Stimulus Onset, Visual Stimulation, Form and Shape Perception, Sensory Adaptation}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{1351 -- 1363}},
  title        = {{{Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6078,
  abstract     = {{Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal order judgments, masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli, attentional interpretation, response times, location cueing, visual perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Perceptual Masking, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Perception, Masking, Reaction Time, Response Latency, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Contrast, Attention, Cues, Priming, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{184 -- 196}},
  title        = {{{Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation.}}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6074,
  abstract     = {{Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0031-5117}},
  journal      = {{Perception & Psychophysics}},
  keywords     = {{attention, leading primes, trailing primes, temporal order perception, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Random Allocation, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Masking, Priming, Stimulus Frequency, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1346 -- 1360}},
  title        = {{{Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}