@inproceedings{9568,
  abstract     = {{A simple pre-stress estimate method of Langevin transducers is studied. The measurement setup consists of a capacitor, an impedance converter and a voltmeter. Based on the piezoelectric equation and the basic circuit theory, the mathematical expression between the pre-stress and the voltage across the capacitor is derived. The pre-stress level can then be calculated out of the measurement of the capacitor voltage. In order to evaluate the precision of this method, a force washer is used to measure the pre-stress of the Langevin transducer. The result shows the pre-stress level obtained from this method is 30-40\% higher than the pre-stress level measured by the force washer. This method is simple and can be used to estimate the pre-stress of various Langevin transducers. The precision of this method can be raised if d33 is identified under different pre-stress levels.}},
  author       = {{Bo, Fu and Ting, Li and Hemsel, Tobias}},
  booktitle    = {{Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, 2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium on}},
  keywords     = {{capacitors, impedance convertors, piezoelectric transducers, stress analysis, Langevin transducers, basic circuit theory, capacitor, impedance converter, piezoelectric equation, pre-stress estimating method, voltmeter, Capacitors, Educational institutions, Equations, Force measurement, Impedance measurement, Manufacturing, Mechatronics, Piezoelectric transducers, Voltage, Voltmeters, Langevin transducer, capacitor, piezoelectric element, pre-stress}},
  pages        = {{324--327}},
  title        = {{{A simple pre-stress estimating method of langevin transducers}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801}},
  year         = {{2008}},
}