---
_id: '51218'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Polymer composites represent the industry standard in injection molding for
the production of plastic components with increased requirements in terms of heat
resistance and stiffness. In the field of laser sintering (LS), these materials
are less common so far. In order to extend the available material variety for
the LS process, new ceramic-filled Polyamide 613 powders are investigated within
the scope of this work. Here, the resulting properties from two different powder
production methods are compared. One filled powder is produced by dry blending
and the other powder with the same filler and filling ratio is produced by encapsulating
the filler particles inside the polymer particles within the dissolution-precipitation
process. It was found that encapsulating the filler particles can provide certain
benefits for the processability, for example an improved powder flowability or
better filler dispersion. However, encapsulating the filler also alters the thermal
properties of the precipitated powder. '
author:
- first_name: Ivo
full_name: Kletetzka, Ivo
id: '50769'
last_name: Kletetzka
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Neitzel, Fabian
id: '72307'
last_name: Neitzel
orcid: '0009-0004-8412-3645 '
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: 'Kletetzka I, Neitzel F, Schmid H-J. Assessing the Impact of the Powder Production
Method on Ceramic-filled Polyamide Composites made by Laser Sintering. In: Beaman
J, ed. Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium. ; 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931'
apa: Kletetzka, I., Neitzel, F., & Schmid, H.-J. (2023). Assessing the Impact
of the Powder Production Method on Ceramic-filled Polyamide Composites made by
Laser Sintering. In J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Kletetzka_Neitzel_Schmid_2023, place={Laboratory for Freeform
Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin}, title={Assessing the Impact of the
Powder Production Method on Ceramic-filled Polyamide Composites made by Laser
Sintering}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium}, author={Kletetzka, Ivo and Neitzel, Fabian and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
editor={Beaman, Joseph}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Kletetzka, Ivo, Fabian Neitzel, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Assessing the
Impact of the Powder Production Method on Ceramic-Filled Polyamide Composites
Made by Laser Sintering.” In Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid
Freeform Fabrication Symposium, edited by Joseph Beaman. Laboratory for Freeform
Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931.
ieee: 'I. Kletetzka, F. Neitzel, and H.-J. Schmid, “Assessing the Impact of the
Powder Production Method on Ceramic-filled Polyamide Composites made by Laser
Sintering,” in Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium, Austin, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931.'
mla: Kletetzka, Ivo, et al. “Assessing the Impact of the Powder Production Method
on Ceramic-Filled Polyamide Composites Made by Laser Sintering.” Proceedings
of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, edited
by Joseph Beaman, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931.
short: 'I. Kletetzka, F. Neitzel, H.-J. Schmid, in: J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings
of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Laboratory
for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin, 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-08-16
location: Austin
name: 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
start_date: 2023-08-14
date_created: 2024-02-07T13:59:25Z
date_updated: 2024-04-02T12:46:08Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '9'
doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50931
editor:
- first_name: Joseph
full_name: Beaman, Joseph
last_name: Beaman
keyword:
- Additive Manufacturing
- Laser Sintering
- Filled Materials
- Composites
- Polyamide 613
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sffsymposium.org/
oa: '1'
place: Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin
publication: Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Assessing the Impact of the Powder Production Method on Ceramic-filled Polyamide
Composites made by Laser Sintering
type: conference
user_id: '50769'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46862'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The high flammability of components manufactured by laser sintering (LS) using
standard polyamide 12 (PA12) powder still severely restricts their use in industries
such as electronics, aviation, and transportation. A key factor for the further
establishment of LS is the expansion of the material portfolio with, for example,
refreshable and halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) powder materials. Accordingly,
various halogen-free FRs are investigated in this work and evaluated with respect
to their use in LS. First, their decomposition behavior and mode of action are
examined. Subsequently, the additives are dry blended with PA12 to investigate
properties relevant for LS, such as particle morphology, thermal behavior and
melt viscosity. Afterwards, test specimens for UL94 vertical flame-retardancy
tests are produced by processing the dry blends on an EOS P3 LS system. Finally,
the process stability of the process-aged powder blends is investigated by again
examining the thermal behavior and melt viscosity.
author:
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Neitzel, Fabian
id: '72307'
last_name: Neitzel
orcid: '0009-0004-8412-3645 '
- first_name: Ivo
full_name: Kletetzka, Ivo
id: '50769'
last_name: Kletetzka
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: 'Neitzel F, Kletetzka I, Schmid H-J. Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials
for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis. In: Beaman J,
ed. Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium. ; 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926'
apa: 'Neitzel, F., Kletetzka, I., & Schmid, H.-J. (2023). Halogen-Free Flame
Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability
Analysis. In J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Neitzel_Kletetzka_Schmid_2023, place={Laboratory for Freeform
Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin}, title={Halogen-Free Flame Retardant
Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis},
DOI={https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium}, author={Neitzel, Fabian and Kletetzka, Ivo and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
editor={Beaman, Joseph}, year={2023} }'
chicago: 'Neitzel, Fabian, Ivo Kletetzka, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Halogen-Free
Flame Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability
Analysis.” In Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, edited by Joseph Beaman. Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and
University of Texas, Austin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
ieee: 'F. Neitzel, I. Kletetzka, and H.-J. Schmid, “Halogen-Free Flame Retardant
Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis,”
in Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, Austin, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
mla: 'Neitzel, Fabian, et al. “Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials for
Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis.” Proceedings of
the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, edited
by Joseph Beaman, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
short: 'F. Neitzel, I. Kletetzka, H.-J. Schmid, in: J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings
of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Laboratory
for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin, 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-08-16
location: Austin
name: 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
start_date: 2023-08-14
date_created: 2023-09-07T12:11:51Z
date_updated: 2024-04-02T12:43:51Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '9'
doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926
editor:
- first_name: Joseph
full_name: Beaman, Joseph
last_name: Beaman
keyword:
- Additive Manufacturing
- Laser Sintering
- Flame Retardant
- Polyamide 12
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sffsymposium.org/
oa: '1'
place: Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin
publication: Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation
and Process Stability Analysis'
type: conference
user_id: '72307'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '43046'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In the laser sintering technology, the semi-crystalline polymer material is
exposed to elevated temperatures during processing, which leads to serious material
ageing for most materials. This has already been investigated intensively by various
authors. However, the ageing of the material at ambient temperatures during shelf
life has not been the focus so far. The need to analyse the shelf life can be
derived from an ecological and economic point of view. This work is focusing on
the shelf life of PA2200 (PA12). To reduce the potential influences of powder
production fluctuations, two different powder batches stored for 5.5 years and
6.5 years are investigated and compared to a reference powder produced 0.5 years
before these investigations. Multiple powder analyses and part characterisations
have been performed. A significant yellowing and molecular chain length reduction
can be derived from the measurement results. Whereas the influence on mechanical
part performance was minor, the parts built with the stored powders are more yellowish.
As it is most likely that this is due to the consumption of polyamide stabilisers,
it can be assumed that these parts will be subject to significantly faster ageing.
Therefore, it is still not recommended to use the stored powders for critical
parts or light intense and humid environments.
author:
- first_name: Sven Helge
full_name: Klippstein, Sven Helge
id: '71545'
last_name: Klippstein
- first_name: Ivo
full_name: Kletetzka, Ivo
id: '50769'
last_name: Kletetzka
- first_name: Ilknur
full_name: Sural, Ilknur
last_name: Sural
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: Klippstein SH, Kletetzka I, Sural I, Schmid H-J. Influence of a prolonged shelf
time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties. The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . Published online 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
apa: Klippstein, S. H., Kletetzka, I., Sural, I., & Schmid, H.-J. (2023). Influence
of a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
bibtex: '@article{Klippstein_Kletetzka_Sural_Schmid_2023, title={Influence of a
prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties},
DOI={https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1},
journal={The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology }, publisher={Springer},
author={Klippstein, Sven Helge and Kletetzka, Ivo and Sural, Ilknur and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Klippstein, Sven Helge, Ivo Kletetzka, Ilknur Sural, and Hans-Joachim Schmid.
“Influence of a Prolonged Shelf Time on PA12 Laser Sintering Powder and Resulting
Part Properties.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.
ieee: 'S. H. Klippstein, I. Kletetzka, I. Sural, and H.-J. Schmid, “Influence of
a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties,”
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology , 2023,
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.'
mla: Klippstein, Sven Helge, et al. “Influence of a Prolonged Shelf Time on PA12
Laser Sintering Powder and Resulting Part Properties.” The International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology , Springer, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.
short: S.H. Klippstein, I. Kletetzka, I. Sural, H.-J. Schmid, The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2023).
date_created: 2023-03-18T14:28:46Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T11:57:59Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '9'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
keyword:
- Selective laser sintering
- Shelf life
- Polyamide 12
- powder
- PA2200
- material ageing
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
oa: '1'
publication: 'The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology '
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Influence of a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting
part properties
type: journal_article
user_id: '50769'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '23760'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The laser sintering process has been a well-established AM process for many
years.\r\nDisadvantages of LS are the low material variety and the thermal damage
of the unprocessed\r\nmaterial. The low temperature laser sintering attacks at
this point and processes powder material at\r\na build chamber temperature lower
than the recrystallization temperature. This drastic reduction in\r\ntemperature
results in significantly less thermal damage to the material. This work deals
with the\r\nlow temperature laser sintering of Polyamide 12 (PA12) on a commercial,
unmodified laser\r\nsintering system to compare it to standard laser sintered
PA12 and to create the basis for low\r\ntemperature laser sintering of high temperature
materials on such a system. First results by\r\nchanging the exposure parameters
and by fixing parts on a building platform show a processing of\r\nPA12 on an
EOS P396 at a build chamber temperature less than 100 °C instead of standard approx.\r\n175
°C."
author:
- first_name: Dennis
full_name: Menge, Dennis
id: '29240'
last_name: Menge
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: 'Menge D, Schmid H-J. Low Temperature Laser Sintering on a Standard System:
First Attempts and Results with PA12. In: ; 2021.'
apa: 'Menge, D., & Schmid, H.-J. (2021). Low Temperature Laser Sintering
on a Standard System: First Attempts and Results with PA12. Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX.'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Menge_Schmid_2021, title={Low Temperature Laser Sintering
on a Standard System: First Attempts and Results with PA12}, author={Menge, Dennis
and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2021} }'
chicago: 'Menge, Dennis, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Low Temperature Laser Sintering
on a Standard System: First Attempts and Results with PA12,” 2021.'
ieee: 'D. Menge and H.-J. Schmid, “Low Temperature Laser Sintering on a Standard
System: First Attempts and Results with PA12,” presented at the Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, 2021.'
mla: 'Menge, Dennis, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. Low Temperature Laser Sintering
on a Standard System: First Attempts and Results with PA12. 2021.'
short: 'D. Menge, H.-J. Schmid, in: 2021.'
conference:
end_date: 2021-08-04
location: Austin, TX
name: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
start_date: 2021-08-02
date_created: 2021-09-03T13:19:26Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:55:59Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '624'
keyword:
- Low Temp LS
- Low Temperature Laser Sintering
- Polyamid 12
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/2021/052%20Low%20Temperature%20Laser%20Sintering%20on%20a%20Standard%20Syst.pdf
oa: '1'
status: public
title: 'Low Temperature Laser Sintering on a Standard System: First Attempts and Results
with PA12'
type: conference
user_id: '29240'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '24753'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Polymer Laser Sintering (LS) is one of the most used Additive Manufacturing
(AM) technologies for the tool-less production of polymer parts. The raw material
is a polymer powder which is melted layerwise by the use of laser energy. Especially
for the production of single parts, small series, individualized and complex structures,
the technology is yet established in few branches. However, inhomogeneous and
hardly controllable thermal effects during manufacturing limit the build reproducibility.
The present work focuses on temperatures within so-called part cakes, their time
dependency and their influence on process quality. Therefore, a temperature measurement
system is implemented into a commercial laser sintering machine. Based on the
experimental data a model to simulate heat transfer within part cakes is set up.
Individual thermal histories during processing are successfully correlated with
position dependent powder ageing effects. Another focus is on the analysis of
a recycling optimized material. First results of correlations between thermal
histories and part properties are shown in order to provide an outlook to further
research. The data and knowledge gained through this work can be used to understand
thermal effects in greater depth and to increase the process quality via optimizations.
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Josupeit, Stefan
last_name: Josupeit
citation:
ama: Josupeit S. On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes on the
Polymer Laser Sintering Process. Vol 11. Shaker Verlag GmbH; 2019.
apa: Josupeit, S. (2019). On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes
on the Polymer Laser Sintering Process (Vol. 11). Shaker Verlag GmbH.
bibtex: '@book{Josupeit_2019, place={Düren}, series={Forschungsberichte des Direct
Manufacturing Research Centers}, title={On the Influence of Thermal Histories
within Part Cakes on the Polymer Laser Sintering Process}, volume={11}, publisher={Shaker
Verlag GmbH}, author={Josupeit, Stefan}, year={2019}, collection={Forschungsberichte
des Direct Manufacturing Research Centers} }'
chicago: 'Josupeit, Stefan. On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part
Cakes on the Polymer Laser Sintering Process. Vol. 11. Forschungsberichte
Des Direct Manufacturing Research Centers. Düren: Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2019.'
ieee: 'S. Josupeit, On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes on
the Polymer Laser Sintering Process, vol. 11. Düren: Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2019.'
mla: Josupeit, Stefan. On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes
on the Polymer Laser Sintering Process. Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2019.
short: S. Josupeit, On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes on the
Polymer Laser Sintering Process, Shaker Verlag GmbH, Düren, 2019.
date_created: 2021-09-21T11:23:29Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:56:34Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
intvolume: ' 11'
keyword:
- Additive Manufacturing
- Polymer Laser Sintering
- Polymer Science
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?lang=de&ID=8&ISBN=978-3-8440-6720-0&search=yes
page: '178'
place: Düren
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 978-3-8440-6720-0
publisher: Shaker Verlag GmbH
series_title: Forschungsberichte des Direct Manufacturing Research Centers
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
title: On the Influence of Thermal Histories within Part Cakes on the Polymer Laser
Sintering Process
type: dissertation
user_id: '71545'
volume: 11
year: '2019'
...