[{"abstract":[{"text":"Lead-containing piezoelectric ceramics are still the base for today’s ultrasonic transducers used in broad applications. This is partly due to missing powerful lead-free piezoelectric ceramic parts in the commercial market. There has been much research on lead-free materials but developing them into marketable parts seems to be an ongoing process. The actual exemption of ROHS has expired, but as the new exemption has already been requested, ceramic suppliers keep on selling lead containing products. Nevertheless, these should be replaced by lead-free alternatives for environmental and health issues. \r\nThis contribution focuses on exploring the technological readiness level of lead-free hard piezoceramics for prestressed ultrasonic transducers. A small series of bolted Langevin transducers was set up with standard PZT material and three commercial lead-free variants. Results of the building process from individual ring ceramic characteristics to transducer load tests are presented. The main finding of this study is that the lead-free materials technically can compete with the standard PZT for medium-power applications. Some adaptations in the ultrasonic system must be done: the geometry must be altered to fit resonance frequency, and higher voltages or thinner ceramics are needed to achieve the same vibration level at low load. For reaching same power, the volume of lead-free ceramics must be 1.5 to 3 times larger. As already promoted in literature, mechanical losses at high vibration levels are smaller for the lead-free materials. This might help to argument lead-free piezoelectric materials in some applications.\r\n\r\nReferences\r\n1.\tDirective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment. EUR-Lex Document 02011L0065-20240801. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/2024-08-01 (accessed on 24 January 2025).\r\n2.\tLangevin, P. (1918) Method and Apparatus for Transmitting and Receiving Submarine Elastic Waves Using the Piezoelectric Properties of Quartz. French Patent Office; Patent No. FR505703.\r\n3.\tHemsel, T.; Twiefel, J. (2023) Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In Encyclopedia of Materials: Electronics; Academic Press: Oxford, UK; pp. 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4.\r\n4.\tATHENA Technologie Beratung GmbH (2025) Description of Ultrasound Generator. Available online: http://shop.myathena.de/epages/12074748.sf/de_DE/?ObjectPath=/Shops/12074748/Products/AM200 (accessed on 13 January 2025).\r\n5.\tLittmann, W.; Hemsel, T.; Kauczor, C.; Wallaschek, J.; Sinha, W. (2003) Load-adaptive phase-controller for resonant driven piezoelectric devices. Proc. World Congr. Ultrason. 2003, 48, 547–550.\r\n6.\tScheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., & Hemsel, T. (2025). Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers. Actuators, 14(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","file":[{"creator":"hemsel","date_created":"2026-03-02T10:37:46Z","date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:00:37Z","file_name":"IWPMA_2025_Hemsel.pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"64799","file_size":1812289,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file"}],"type":"conference","keyword":["lead free piezoelectric ceramics","bolted Langevin transducer","medium power ultrasound."],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:00:37Z","_id":"64798","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","year":"2025","citation":{"apa":"Scheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2025). <i>Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics</i>. International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Scheidemann_Bornmann_Littmann_Hemsel_2025, title={Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2025} }","short":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, T. Hemsel, in: 2025.","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. <i>Bolted Langevin Transducers with Leadfree Piezoelectric Ceramics</i>. 2025.","ieee":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, and T. Hemsel, “Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics,” presented at the International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania, 2025.","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Peter Bornmann, Walter Littmann, and Tobias Hemsel. “Bolted Langevin Transducers with Leadfree Piezoelectric Ceramics,” 2025.","ama":"Scheidemann C, Bornmann P, Littmann W, Hemsel T. Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics. In: ; 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics","conference":{"location":"Vilnius, Lithuania","end_date":"2025-07-03","start_date":"2025-07-01","name":"International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA)"},"date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:04:56Z","oa":"1","date_created":"2026-03-02T10:39:40Z","author":[{"full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","last_name":"Scheidemann","first_name":"Claus"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Bornmann","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter"},{"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Littmann","full_name":"Littmann, Walter"},{"id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"}]},{"page":"e202300950","intvolume":"        19","citation":{"ieee":"S. Nasemann <i>et al.</i>, “At the limits of bisphosphonio-substituted stannylenes,” <i>Chemistry - An Asian Journal</i>, vol. 19, no. 8, p. e202300950, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">10.1002/asia.202300950</a>.","chicago":"Nasemann, Sina, Roman Franz, Denis Kargin, Clemens Bruhn, Zsolt Kelemen, Torsten Gutmann, and Rudolf Pietschnig. “At the Limits of Bisphosphonio-Substituted Stannylenes.” <i>Chemistry - An Asian Journal</i> 19, no. 8 (2024): e202300950. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950</a>.","ama":"Nasemann S, Franz R, Kargin D, et al. At the limits of bisphosphonio-substituted stannylenes. <i>Chemistry - An Asian Journal</i>. 2024;19(8):e202300950. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">10.1002/asia.202300950</a>","short":"S. Nasemann, R. Franz, D. Kargin, C. Bruhn, Z. Kelemen, T. Gutmann, R. Pietschnig, Chemistry - An Asian Journal 19 (2024) e202300950.","mla":"Nasemann, Sina, et al. “At the Limits of Bisphosphonio-Substituted Stannylenes.” <i>Chemistry - An Asian Journal</i>, vol. 19, no. 8, John Wiley &#38; Sons, Ltd, 2024, p. e202300950, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">10.1002/asia.202300950</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Nasemann_Franz_Kargin_Bruhn_Kelemen_Gutmann_Pietschnig_2024, title={At the limits of bisphosphonio-substituted stannylenes}, volume={19}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">10.1002/asia.202300950</a>}, number={8}, journal={Chemistry - An Asian Journal}, publisher={John Wiley &#38; Sons, Ltd}, author={Nasemann, Sina and Franz, Roman and Kargin, Denis and Bruhn, Clemens and Kelemen, Zsolt and Gutmann, Torsten and Pietschnig, Rudolf}, year={2024}, pages={e202300950} }","apa":"Nasemann, S., Franz, R., Kargin, D., Bruhn, C., Kelemen, Z., Gutmann, T., &#38; Pietschnig, R. (2024). At the limits of bisphosphonio-substituted stannylenes. <i>Chemistry - An Asian Journal</i>, <i>19</i>(8), e202300950. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950\">https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202300950</a>"},"year":"2024","issue":"8","doi":"10.1002/asia.202300950","title":"At the limits of bisphosphonio-substituted stannylenes","volume":19,"author":[{"first_name":"Sina","last_name":"Nasemann","full_name":"Nasemann, Sina"},{"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Franz","full_name":"Franz, Roman"},{"full_name":"Kargin, Denis","last_name":"Kargin","first_name":"Denis"},{"full_name":"Bruhn, Clemens","last_name":"Bruhn","first_name":"Clemens"},{"full_name":"Kelemen, Zsolt","last_name":"Kelemen","first_name":"Zsolt"},{"full_name":"Gutmann, Torsten","id":"118165","last_name":"Gutmann","first_name":"Torsten"},{"first_name":"Rudolf","full_name":"Pietschnig, Rudolf","last_name":"Pietschnig"}],"date_created":"2026-02-07T16:01:49Z","date_updated":"2026-02-17T16:14:49Z","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Abstract Donor stabilization of Sn(II) and Pb(II) halides with 1,1?-ferrocenylene bridged bisphosphanes has been explored for Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2 (dppf), and Fe(C5H4PH(C4H9))2. These bisphosphanes are reacted with SnBr2 and PbCl2 with and without additional Lewis acid (AlCl3) forming acyclic and cyclic donor adducts from which the latter represent bisphosphoniotetrylenes. Since dynamic exchange in solution is observed, characterization includes solution and solid-state NMR in addition to SC-XRD, amended by DFT calculations.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Chemistry - An Asian Journal","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["ferrocene","lead","phosphorus","tetrylene","tin"],"user_id":"100715","_id":"64017"},{"title":"Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach","doi":"10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500","date_updated":"2019-09-16T10:57:58Z","author":[{"first_name":"Simon","full_name":"Althoff, Simon","last_name":"Althoff"},{"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Neuhaus","full_name":"Neuhaus, Jan"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Walter","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","id":"21220","last_name":"Sextro"}],"date_created":"2019-05-20T12:11:44Z","year":"2014","page":"1549-1555","citation":{"apa":"Althoff, S., Neuhaus, J., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2014). Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach. In <i>Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th</i> (pp. 1549–1555). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500</a>","mla":"Althoff, Simon, et al. “Improving the Bond Quality of Copper Wire Bonds Using a Friction Model Approach.” <i>Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th</i>, 2014, pp. 1549–55, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500\">10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Althoff_Neuhaus_Hemsel_Sextro_2014, title={Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500\">10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500</a>}, booktitle={Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th}, author={Althoff, Simon and Neuhaus, Jan and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2014}, pages={1549–1555} }","short":"S. Althoff, J. Neuhaus, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, in: Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th, 2014, pp. 1549–1555.","ama":"Althoff S, Neuhaus J, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach. In: <i>Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th</i>. ; 2014:1549-1555. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500\">10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500</a>","chicago":"Althoff, Simon, Jan Neuhaus, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Improving the Bond Quality of Copper Wire Bonds Using a Friction Model Approach.” In <i>Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th</i>, 1549–55, 2014. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500</a>.","ieee":"S. Althoff, J. Neuhaus, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach,” in <i>Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th</i>, 2014, pp. 1549–1555."},"quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["adhesion","circuit reliability","deformation","diffusion","fatigue cracks","friction","interconnections","lead bonding","van der Waals forces","Cu","adhering process","adhesion process","ampacity improvement","bond quality improvement","cleaning process","diffusing process","fatigue fracture failure","friction energy","friction model","heat dissipation","mechanical strength","piezoelectric triaxial force sensor","predeforming process","size 500 mum","total contact area","van der Waals forces","wedge copper wire bonding","Bonding","Copper","Finite element analysis","Force","Friction","Substrates","Wires"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"9868","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"55222","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In order to increase mechanical strength, heat dissipation and ampacity and to decrease failure through fatigue fracture, wedge copper wire bonding is being introduced as a standard interconnection method for mass production. To achieve the same process stability when using copper wire instead of aluminum wire a profound understanding of the bonding process is needed. Due to the higher hardness of copper compared to aluminum wire it is more difficult to approach the surfaces of wire and substrate to a level where van der Waals forces are able to arise between atoms. Also, enough friction energy referred to the total contact area has to be generated to activate the surfaces. Therefore, a friction model is used to simulate the joining process. This model calculates the resulting energy of partial areas in the contact surface and provides information about the adhesion process of each area. The focus here is on the arising of micro joints in the contact area depending on the location in the contact and time. To validate the model, different touchdown forces are used to vary the initial contact areas of wire and substrate. Additionally, a piezoelectric tri-axial force sensor is built up to identify the known phases of pre-deforming, cleaning, adhering and diffusing for the real bonding process to map with the model. Test substrates as DBC and copper plate are used to show the different formations of a wedge bond connection due to hardness and reaction propensity. The experiments were done by using 500 $\\mu$m copper wire and a standard V-groove tool."}],"status":"public","publication":"Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th","type":"conference"},{"type":"journal_article","publication":"Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"(K,Na)NbO3 ceramics have attracted much attention as lead-free piezoelectric materials with high piezoelectric properties. High-quality (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics can be sintered using KNbO3 and NaNbO3 powders synthesized by a hydrothermal method. In this study, to enhance the quality factor of the ceramics, high-power ultrasonic irradiation was employed during the hydrothermal method, which led to a reduction in the particle size of the resultant powders."}],"user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"_id":"9878","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Q-factor","ceramics","crystal growth from solution","particle size","piezoelectric materials","potassium compounds","powders","sintering","sodium compounds","ultrasonic effects","(K0.48Na0.52)NbO3","KNbO3 powders","NaNbO3 powders","high-power ultrasonic irradiation","lead-free piezoelectric materials","lead-free piezoelectric powders","particle size reduction","piezoelectric properties","quality factor","sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics","sintering","ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method","Acoustics","Ceramics","Lead","Piezoelectric materials","Powders","Radiation effects","Transducers"],"issue":"2","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0885-3010"]},"citation":{"short":"G. Isobe, T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, T. Morita, Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions On 61 (2014) 225–230.","bibtex":"@article{Isobe_Maeda_Bornmann_Hemsel_Morita_2014, title={Synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric powders by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and properties of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 ceramics}, volume={61}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608\">10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608</a>}, number={2}, journal={Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on}, author={Isobe, G. and Maeda, Takafumi and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Morita, Takeshi}, year={2014}, pages={225–230} }","mla":"Isobe, G., et al. “Synthesis of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Powders by Ultrasonic-Assisted Hydrothermal Method and Properties of Sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 Ceramics.” <i>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions On</i>, vol. 61, no. 2, 2014, pp. 225–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608\">10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608</a>.","apa":"Isobe, G., Maeda, T., Bornmann, P., Hemsel, T., &#38; Morita, T. (2014). Synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric powders by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and properties of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 ceramics. <i>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions On</i>, <i>61</i>(2), 225–230. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608\">https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608</a>","ama":"Isobe G, Maeda T, Bornmann P, Hemsel T, Morita T. Synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric powders by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and properties of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 ceramics. <i>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on</i>. 2014;61(2):225-230. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608\">10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608</a>","chicago":"Isobe, G., Takafumi Maeda, Peter Bornmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Takeshi Morita. “Synthesis of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Powders by Ultrasonic-Assisted Hydrothermal Method and Properties of Sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 Ceramics.” <i>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions On</i> 61, no. 2 (2014): 225–30. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608\">https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608</a>.","ieee":"G. Isobe, T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, and T. Morita, “Synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric powders by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and properties of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 ceramics,” <i>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on</i>, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 225–230, 2014."},"page":"225-230","intvolume":"        61","year":"2014","date_created":"2019-05-20T13:10:14Z","author":[{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Isobe, G.","last_name":"Isobe"},{"last_name":"Maeda","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi","first_name":"Takafumi"},{"first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann"},{"first_name":"Tobias","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel"},{"last_name":"Morita","full_name":"Morita, Takeshi","first_name":"Takeshi"}],"volume":61,"date_updated":"2019-09-16T10:53:17Z","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2014.6722608","title":"Synthesis of lead-free piezoelectric powders by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and properties of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NBO3 ceramics"},{"year":"2012","citation":{"apa":"Isobe, G., Ageba, R., Maeda, T., Bornmann, P., Hemsel, T., &#38; Morita, T. (2012). Synthesis of piezoelectric materials by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method. In B. B. J. Linde, J. Paczkowski, &#38; N. Ponikwicki (Eds.), <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i> (Vol. 1433, pp. 569–572). AIP. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251\">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251</a>","mla":"Isobe, Gaku, et al. “Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials by Ultrasonic Assisted Hydrothermal Method.” <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, edited by Bogumil B. J. Linde et al., vol. 1433, no. 1, AIP, 2012, pp. 569–72, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251\">10.1063/1.3703251</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Isobe_Ageba_Maeda_Bornmann_Hemsel_Morita_2012, title={Synthesis of piezoelectric materials by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method}, volume={1433}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251\">10.1063/1.3703251</a>}, number={1}, booktitle={AIP Conference Proceedings}, publisher={AIP}, author={Isobe, Gaku and Ageba, Ryo and Maeda, Takafumi and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Morita, Takeshi}, editor={B. J. Linde, Bogumil and Paczkowski, Jacek and Ponikwicki, NikodemEditors}, year={2012}, pages={569–572} }","short":"G. Isobe, R. Ageba, T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, T. Morita, in: B. B. J. Linde, J. Paczkowski, N. Ponikwicki (Eds.), AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP, 2012, pp. 569–572.","ama":"Isobe G, Ageba R, Maeda T, Bornmann P, Hemsel T, Morita T. Synthesis of piezoelectric materials by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method. In: B. J. Linde B, Paczkowski J, Ponikwicki N, eds. <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. Vol 1433. AIP; 2012:569-572. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251\">10.1063/1.3703251</a>","chicago":"Isobe, Gaku, Ryo Ageba, Takafumi Maeda, Peter Bornmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Takeshi Morita. “Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials by Ultrasonic Assisted Hydrothermal Method.” In <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, edited by Bogumil B. J. Linde, Jacek Paczkowski, and Nikodem Ponikwicki, 1433:569–72. AIP, 2012. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251\">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703251</a>.","ieee":"G. Isobe, R. Ageba, T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, and T. Morita, “Synthesis of piezoelectric materials by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method,” in <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>, 2012, vol. 1433, no. 1, pp. 569–572."},"intvolume":"      1433","page":"569-572","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"1","title":"Synthesis of piezoelectric materials by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method","doi":"10.1063/1.3703251","publisher":"AIP","date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:20Z","author":[{"full_name":"Isobe, Gaku","last_name":"Isobe","first_name":"Gaku"},{"last_name":"Ageba","full_name":"Ageba, Ryo","first_name":"Ryo"},{"first_name":"Takafumi","last_name":"Maeda","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi"},{"last_name":"Bornmann","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","first_name":"Peter"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Takeshi","last_name":"Morita","full_name":"Morita, Takeshi"}],"date_created":"2019-05-13T13:21:56Z","volume":1433,"editor":[{"full_name":"B. J. Linde, Bogumil","last_name":"B. J. Linde","first_name":"Bogumil"},{"last_name":"Paczkowski","full_name":"Paczkowski, Jacek","first_name":"Jacek"},{"last_name":"Ponikwicki","full_name":"Ponikwicki, Nikodem","first_name":"Nikodem"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hydrothermal method enables to synthesize high quality piezoelectric materials. To shorten the reaction time and to get higher quality materials, we propose an ultrasonic irradiation to the solution during the hydrothermal method. We named it ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method (UAHTM). We have synthesized lead-free piezoelectric material and PZT thin film and the effect of UAHTM have been confirmed. In this study, we tried to improve UAHTM. First, to generate powerful and stable ultrasonic irradiation at high temperature on UAHTM, we developed a new transducer using LiNbO3 single crystal. Second, to prevent contamination to the materials, A Teflon cover on the tip of transducer was attached."}],"status":"public","type":"conference","publication":"AIP Conference Proceedings","keyword":["contamination","lead compounds","piezoelectric materials","piezoelectric thin films","piezoelectric transducers","ultrasonic effects"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"9785","user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}]},{"user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"_id":"9788","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["crystallisation","hydrophones","piezoceramics","potassium compounds","powder technology","powders","sensors","sintering","sodium compounds","(K0.48Na0.52)NbO3","KNbO3 powder","NaNbO3 powder","crystallization","energy harvesting devices","g33 constant","hydrophone sensor","hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics","hydrothermal method","piezoelectric applications","sintering","Materials","Transducers"],"type":"conference","publication":"Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A hydrothermal method utilizes a crystallization process in the solution so that the pure and high-quality powders can be realized. Sintering from the hydrothermal KNbO3 and NaNbO3 powders, a high-dense lead-free piezoelectric (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics could be obtained (density: 98.8\\%). Concerning about the g33 constant, high value as large as commercial PZT ceramics was measured. Therefore, the hydrothermal (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics is usable for the sensors and the energy harvesting devices. To demonstrate the (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics, a hydrophone sensor was fabricated and evaluated."}],"date_created":"2019-05-13T13:28:05Z","author":[{"last_name":"Maeda","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi","first_name":"Takafumi"},{"first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann"},{"first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel"},{"first_name":"Takeshi","last_name":"Morita","full_name":"Morita, Takeshi"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:20Z","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048","title":"Piezoelectric applications of hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1948-5719"]},"citation":{"ama":"Maeda T, Bornmann P, Hemsel T, Morita T. Piezoelectric applications of hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics. In: <i>Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International</i>. ; 2012:194-195. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048\">10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048</a>","chicago":"Maeda, Takafumi, Peter Bornmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Takeshi Morita. “Piezoelectric Applications of Hydrothermal Lead-Free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 Ceramics.” In <i>Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International</i>, 194–95, 2012. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048</a>.","ieee":"T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, and T. Morita, “Piezoelectric applications of hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics,” in <i>Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International</i>, 2012, pp. 194–195.","apa":"Maeda, T., Bornmann, P., Hemsel, T., &#38; Morita, T. (2012). Piezoelectric applications of hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics. In <i>Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International</i> (pp. 194–195). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048</a>","short":"T. Maeda, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, T. Morita, in: Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International, 2012, pp. 194–195.","mla":"Maeda, Takafumi, et al. “Piezoelectric Applications of Hydrothermal Lead-Free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 Ceramics.” <i>Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International</i>, 2012, pp. 194–95, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048\">10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Maeda_Bornmann_Hemsel_Morita_2012, title={Piezoelectric applications of hydrothermal lead-free (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048\">10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0048</a>}, booktitle={Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2012 IEEE International}, author={Maeda, Takafumi and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Morita, Takeshi}, year={2012}, pages={194–195} }"},"page":"194-195","year":"2012"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The hydrothermal method enables the production of high-quality piezoelectric materials. In this study, we propose to irradiate the reaction solutions with ultrasonic power during the hydrothermal method to obtain a shorter reaction time and a smooth film surface. A high-pressure reaction container for the ultrasonic transducer was newly developed, and the ultrasonically-assisted hydrothermal method was examined by using this container. The effect of ultrasonic assist on the synthesis of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) thin films and (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ powders was verified. Thicker PZT film, thickness around 10 ${\\mu}$m, could be obtained in one process, and (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ powder was synthesized in half the previous reaction time."}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","publication":"Journal of Korean Physical Society","keyword":["Hydrothermal method","High-power ultrasonic","PZT thin film","Lead-free piezoelectric materials"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"9743","user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"year":"2010","citation":{"short":"R. Ageba, Y. Kadota, T. Maeda, N. Takiguchi, T. Morita, M. Ishikawa, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, Journal of Korean Physical Society 57 (2010) 918–923.","bibtex":"@article{Ageba_Kadota_Maeda_Takiguchi_Morita_Ishikawa_Bornmann_Hemsel_2010, title={Ultrasonically-assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis}, volume={57}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918\">10.3938/jkps.57.918</a>}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Korean Physical Society}, author={Ageba, Ryo and Kadota, Yoichi and Maeda, Takafumi and Takiguchi, Norihito and Morita, Takeshi and Ishikawa, Mutsuo and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2010}, pages={918–923} }","mla":"Ageba, Ryo, et al. “Ultrasonically-Assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis.” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, vol. 57, no. 4, 2010, pp. 918–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918\">10.3938/jkps.57.918</a>.","apa":"Ageba, R., Kadota, Y., Maeda, T., Takiguchi, N., Morita, T., Ishikawa, M., … Hemsel, T. (2010). Ultrasonically-assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis. <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, <i>57</i>(4), 918–923. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918\">https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918</a>","ama":"Ageba R, Kadota Y, Maeda T, et al. Ultrasonically-assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis. <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>. 2010;57(4):918-923. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918\">10.3938/jkps.57.918</a>","ieee":"R. Ageba <i>et al.</i>, “Ultrasonically-assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis,” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 918–923, 2010.","chicago":"Ageba, Ryo, Yoichi Kadota, Takafumi Maeda, Norihito Takiguchi, Takeshi Morita, Mutsuo Ishikawa, Peter Bornmann, and Tobias Hemsel. “Ultrasonically-Assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis.” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i> 57, no. 4 (2010): 918–23. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918\">https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.918</a>."},"intvolume":"        57","page":"918-923","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1948-5719"]},"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"4","title":"Ultrasonically-assisted Hydrothermal Method for Ferroelectric Material Synthesis","doi":"10.3938/jkps.57.918","date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:19Z","date_created":"2019-05-13T09:35:33Z","author":[{"first_name":"Ryo","last_name":"Ageba","full_name":"Ageba, Ryo"},{"first_name":"Yoichi","last_name":"Kadota","full_name":"Kadota, Yoichi"},{"first_name":"Takafumi","last_name":"Maeda","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi"},{"first_name":"Norihito","full_name":"Takiguchi, Norihito","last_name":"Takiguchi"},{"full_name":"Morita, Takeshi","last_name":"Morita","first_name":"Takeshi"},{"first_name":"Mutsuo","last_name":"Ishikawa","full_name":"Ishikawa, Mutsuo"},{"full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann","first_name":"Peter"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"}],"volume":57},{"type":"journal_article","publication":"Journal of Korean Physical Society","abstract":[{"text":"As a lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ is a promising material because of its good piezoelectric properties. In this study, (K$_{1-x}$Na$_{x}$)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics were synthesized from a KNbO$_{3}$ and NaNbO$_{3}$ mixture powder prepared by the hydrothermal reaction. The hydrothermal reaction enables the production of high quality powder for the ceramics fabrication process. To obtain (K$_{1-x}$Na$_{x}$)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics, these two powders KNbO$_{3}$ and NaNbO$_{3}$ were mixed and then sintered together. X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed that the solid solution ceramics (K$_{1-x}$Na$_{x}$)NbO$_{3}$ was produced by the sintering process. The K/Na ratio in (K$_{1-x}$Na$_{x}$)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics was optimized for the best piezoelectric properties. The optimized forms was (K$_{0.48}$Na$_{0.52}$)NbO$_{3}$, which showed the following piezoelectric properties; k$_{33}$=0.56, d$_{33}$=114pC/N. In addition, the ferroelectric properties, P$_{r}$=7.72mC/cm$^{2}$, E$_{c}$=857V/mm, and the Curie temperature T$_{c}$=420$_{o}$C were also measured.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","_id":"9758","user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"keyword":["Lead-free piezoelectric material","KNN","Hydrothermal method"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1948-5719"]},"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"4","year":"2010","citation":{"ama":"Maeda T, Takiguchi N, Morita T, Ishikawa M, Hemsel T. Hydrothermal (K1-xNax)NbO3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics. <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>. 2010;57(4):924-928. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924\">10.3938/jkps.57.924</a>","chicago":"Maeda, Takafumi, Norihito Takiguchi, Takeshi Morita, Mutsuo Ishikawa, and Tobias Hemsel. “Hydrothermal (K1-XNax)NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics.” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i> 57, no. 4 (2010): 924–28. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924\">https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924</a>.","ieee":"T. Maeda, N. Takiguchi, T. Morita, M. Ishikawa, and T. Hemsel, “Hydrothermal (K1-xNax)NbO3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics,” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 924–928, 2010.","apa":"Maeda, T., Takiguchi, N., Morita, T., Ishikawa, M., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2010). Hydrothermal (K1-xNax)NbO3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics. <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, <i>57</i>(4), 924–928. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924\">https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924</a>","short":"T. Maeda, N. Takiguchi, T. Morita, M. Ishikawa, T. Hemsel, Journal of Korean Physical Society 57 (2010) 924–928.","bibtex":"@article{Maeda_Takiguchi_Morita_Ishikawa_Hemsel_2010, title={Hydrothermal (K1-xNax)NbO3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics}, volume={57}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924\">10.3938/jkps.57.924</a>}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Korean Physical Society}, author={Maeda, Takafumi and Takiguchi, Norihito and Morita, Takeshi and Ishikawa, Mutsuo and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2010}, pages={924–928} }","mla":"Maeda, Takafumi, et al. “Hydrothermal (K1-XNax)NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics.” <i>Journal of Korean Physical Society</i>, vol. 57, no. 4, 2010, pp. 924–28, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.924\">10.3938/jkps.57.924</a>."},"intvolume":"        57","page":"924-928","date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:19Z","date_created":"2019-05-13T10:19:43Z","author":[{"last_name":"Maeda","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi","first_name":"Takafumi"},{"first_name":"Norihito","last_name":"Takiguchi","full_name":"Takiguchi, Norihito"},{"last_name":"Morita","full_name":"Morita, Takeshi","first_name":"Takeshi"},{"first_name":"Mutsuo","last_name":"Ishikawa","full_name":"Ishikawa, Mutsuo"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","first_name":"Tobias"}],"volume":57,"title":"Hydrothermal (K1-xNax)NbO3 Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics","doi":"10.3938/jkps.57.924"},{"title":"(K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics synthesized from hydrothermal powders","doi":"10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012","date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:19Z","date_created":"2019-05-13T10:21:17Z","author":[{"first_name":"Takafumi","full_name":"Maeda, Takafumi","last_name":"Maeda"},{"first_name":"Norihito","full_name":"Takiguchi, Norihito","last_name":"Takiguchi"},{"last_name":"Morita","full_name":"Morita, Takeshi","first_name":"Takeshi"},{"first_name":"Mutsuo","full_name":"Ishikawa, Mutsuo","last_name":"Ishikawa"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","first_name":"Tobias"}],"volume":64,"year":"2010","citation":{"apa":"Maeda, T., Takiguchi, N., Morita, T., Ishikawa, M., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2010). (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics synthesized from hydrothermal powders. <i>Materials Letters</i>, <i>64</i>(2), 125–128. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012</a>","short":"T. Maeda, N. Takiguchi, T. Morita, M. Ishikawa, T. Hemsel, Materials Letters 64 (2010) 125–128.","bibtex":"@article{Maeda_Takiguchi_Morita_Ishikawa_Hemsel_2010, title={(K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics synthesized from hydrothermal powders}, volume={64}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012\">10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012</a>}, number={2}, journal={Materials Letters}, author={Maeda, Takafumi and Takiguchi, Norihito and Morita, Takeshi and Ishikawa, Mutsuo and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2010}, pages={125–128} }","mla":"Maeda, Takafumi, et al. “(K,Na)NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Synthesized from Hydrothermal Powders.” <i>Materials Letters</i>, vol. 64, no. 2, 2010, pp. 125–28, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012\">10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012</a>.","ieee":"T. Maeda, N. Takiguchi, T. Morita, M. Ishikawa, and T. Hemsel, “(K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics synthesized from hydrothermal powders,” <i>Materials Letters</i>, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 125–128, 2010.","chicago":"Maeda, Takafumi, Norihito Takiguchi, Takeshi Morita, Mutsuo Ishikawa, and Tobias Hemsel. “(K,Na)NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Synthesized from Hydrothermal Powders.” <i>Materials Letters</i> 64, no. 2 (2010): 125–28. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012</a>.","ama":"Maeda T, Takiguchi N, Morita T, Ishikawa M, Hemsel T. (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics synthesized from hydrothermal powders. <i>Materials Letters</i>. 2010;64(2):125-128. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012\">10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.012</a>"},"page":"125-128","intvolume":"        64","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1948-5719"]},"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"2","keyword":["Lead-free piezoelectric material","(K","Na)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics","Sintering solid solution","Piezoelectric properties"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"9759","user_id":"55222","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Among various lead-free piezoelectric materials, (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ is a very promising candidate. In this study, (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics were sintered from mixed (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ and NaNbO$_{3}$ powders prepared by hydrothermal reaction. These two powders were mixed with distilled water in a KNbO$_{3}$/NaNbO$_{3}$ molar ratio of 1. After sintering the mixed powder, the solid solution of (Na,K)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics was obtained. The electrical properties such as the electromechanical coupling factors k$_{p}$ and k$_{33}$, the mechanical quality factor, Q$_{m}$, and the piezoelectric constant d$_{33}$ of the sintered (K,Na)NbO$_{3}$ ceramics were 0.32, 0.48, 71 (radial mode), 118 ((33)mode), and 107 pC/N, respectively."}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","publication":"Materials Letters"}]