---
_id: '59088'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "This paper deals with the implementation and results of the application of
    a multi-stage traffic light control system which includes a simulation-based traffic
    estimation and model predictive control.\r\nThe traffic light control system incorporates
    a fuzzy system for traffic light phase preselection, followed by a model predictive
    control to optimise phase combinations and switching times. Predefined phases
    are selected without restrictions in the order according to a multi-objective
    optimisation to adapt to the traffic as freely as possible. Initially, the system
    is tested in simulations and compared with existing methods and analysed afterwards
    for its effectiveness in a prototype commissioning in field tests. Results indicate
    high potentials for reducing emissions and waiting times, highlighting the system's
    value. However, further refinement is necessary for standard implementation. This
    comprehensive approach demonstrates advancements in traffic management technology,
    showcasing the potential for enhancing urban mobility and reducing environmental
    impact."
author:
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Malena, Kevin
  id: '36303'
  last_name: Malena
  orcid: 0000-0003-1183-4679
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Link, Christopher
  id: '38249'
  last_name: Link
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Gausemeier, Sandra
  id: '17793'
  last_name: Gausemeier
- first_name: Ansgar
  full_name: Trächtler, Ansgar
  id: '552'
  last_name: Trächtler
citation:
  ama: 'Malena K, Link C, Gausemeier S, Trächtler A. Implementation and Results of
    a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light Control System. In: <i>2024 IEEE
    27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)</i>.
    Vol 27. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>'
  apa: Malena, K., Link, C., Gausemeier, S., &#38; Trächtler, A. (2025). Implementation
    and Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light Control System. <i>2024
    IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)</i>,
    <i>27</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Malena_Link_Gausemeier_Trächtler_2025, title={Implementation
    and Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light Control System}, volume={27},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>},
    booktitle={2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation
    Systems (ITSC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Malena, Kevin and Link, Christopher
    and Gausemeier, Sandra and Trächtler, Ansgar}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Malena, Kevin, Christopher Link, Sandra Gausemeier, and Ansgar Trächtler.
    “Implementation and Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light Control
    System.” In <i>2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation
    Systems (ITSC)</i>, Vol. 27. IEEE, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>.
  ieee: 'K. Malena, C. Link, S. Gausemeier, and A. Trächtler, “Implementation and
    Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light Control System,” in <i>2024
    IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)</i>,
    Edmonton (Canada), 2025, vol. 27, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>.'
  mla: Malena, Kevin, et al. “Implementation and Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive
    Traffic Light Control System.” <i>2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent
    Transportation Systems (ITSC)</i>, vol. 27, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569">10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569</a>.
  short: 'K. Malena, C. Link, S. Gausemeier, A. Trächtler, in: 2024 IEEE 27th International
    Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), IEEE, 2025.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-27
  location: Edmonton (Canada)
  name: 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)
  start_date: 2024-09-24
date_created: 2025-03-24T08:57:08Z
date_updated: 2026-04-29T08:49:46Z
department:
- _id: '153'
doi: 10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10919569
intvolume: '        27'
keyword:
- MPC
language:
- iso: eng
publication: 2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation
  Systems (ITSC)
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2153-0017
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10919569
status: public
title: Implementation and Results of a Multi-Stage Model Predictive Traffic Light
  Control System
type: conference
user_id: '36303'
volume: 27
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '33849'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Modern traffic control systems are key to cope with current and future traffic
    challenges. In this paper information obtained from a microscopic traffic estimation
    using various data sources is used to feed a new developed traffic control approach.
    The presented method can control a traffic area with multiple traffic light systems
    (TLS) reacting to individual road users and pedestrians. In contrast to widespread
    green time extension techniques, this control selects the best phase sequence
    by analyzing the current traffic state reconstructed in SUMO and its predicted
    progress. To achieve this, the key aspect of the control strategy is to use Model
    Predictive Control (MPC). In order to maintain realism for real world applications,
    among other things, the traffic phase transitions are modelled in detail and integrated
    within the prediction. For the efficiency, the approach incorporates a fuzzy logic
    preselection of all phases reducing the computational effort. The evaluation itself
    is able to be easily adjusted to focus on various objectives like low occupancies,
    reducing waiting times and emissions, few number of phase transitions etc. determining
    the best switching times for the selected phases. Exemplary traffic simulations
    demonstrate the functionality of the MPC-based control and, in addition, some
    aspects under development like the real-world communication network are also discussed.
author:
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Malena, Kevin
  id: '36303'
  last_name: Malena
  orcid: 0000-0003-1183-4679
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Link, Christopher
  id: '38249'
  last_name: Link
- first_name: Leon
  full_name: Bußemas, Leon
  id: '51118'
  last_name: Bußemas
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Gausemeier, Sandra
  id: '17793'
  last_name: Gausemeier
- first_name: Ansgar
  full_name: Trächtler, Ansgar
  id: '552'
  last_name: Trächtler
citation:
  ama: 'Malena K, Link C, Bußemas L, Gausemeier S, Trächtler A. Traffic Estimation
    and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments.
    In: Klein C, Jarke M, Helfert M, Berns K, Gusikhin O, eds. <i>Communications in
    Computer and Information Science</i>. Vol 1612. Communications in Computer and
    Information Science. Springer International Publishing; 2022:232–254. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>'
  apa: Malena, K., Link, C., Bußemas, L., Gausemeier, S., &#38; Trächtler, A. (2022).
    Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time
    Traffic Environments. In C. Klein, M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, &#38; O. Gusikhin
    (Eds.), <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i> (Vol. 1612,
    pp. 232–254). Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Malena_Link_Bußemas_Gausemeier_Trächtler_2022, place={Cham}, series={Communications
    in Computer and Information Science}, title={Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based
    Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments}, volume={1612},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>},
    booktitle={Communications in Computer and Information Science}, publisher={Springer
    International Publishing}, author={Malena, Kevin and Link, Christopher and Bußemas,
    Leon and Gausemeier, Sandra and Trächtler, Ansgar}, editor={Klein, Cornel and
    Jarke, Mathias and Helfert, Markus and Berns, Karsten and Gusikhin, Oleg}, year={2022},
    pages={232–254}, collection={Communications in Computer and Information Science}
    }'
  chicago: 'Malena, Kevin, Christopher Link, Leon Bußemas, Sandra Gausemeier, and
    Ansgar Trächtler. “Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control
    in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments.” In <i>Communications in Computer
    and Information Science</i>, edited by Cornel Klein, Mathias Jarke, Markus Helfert,
    Karsten Berns, and Oleg Gusikhin, 1612:232–254. Communications in Computer and
    Information Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>.'
  ieee: 'K. Malena, C. Link, L. Bußemas, S. Gausemeier, and A. Trächtler, “Traffic
    Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic
    Environments,” in <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>, vol.
    1612, C. Klein, M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, and O. Gusikhin, Eds. Cham: Springer
    International Publishing, 2022, pp. 232–254.'
  mla: Malena, Kevin, et al. “Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System
    Control in Realistic Real-Time Traffic Environments.” <i>Communications in Computer
    and Information Science</i>, edited by Cornel Klein et al., vol. 1612, Springer
    International Publishing, 2022, pp. 232–254, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12">10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12</a>.
  short: 'K. Malena, C. Link, L. Bußemas, S. Gausemeier, A. Trächtler, in: C. Klein,
    M. Jarke, M. Helfert, K. Berns, O. Gusikhin (Eds.), Communications in Computer
    and Information Science, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022, pp. 232–254.'
date_created: 2022-10-20T15:06:39Z
date_updated: 2026-01-26T08:49:52Z
department:
- _id: '153'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_12
editor:
- first_name: Cornel
  full_name: Klein, Cornel
  last_name: Klein
- first_name: Mathias
  full_name: Jarke, Mathias
  last_name: Jarke
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Helfert, Markus
  last_name: Helfert
- first_name: Karsten
  full_name: Berns, Karsten
  last_name: Berns
- first_name: Oleg
  full_name: Gusikhin, Oleg
  last_name: Gusikhin
intvolume: '      1612'
keyword:
- Traffic control
- Traffic estimation
- Real-time
- MPC
- Fuzzy
- Isolated intersection
- Networked intersection
- Sensor fusion
language:
- iso: eng
page: 232–254
place: Cham
publication: Communications in Computer and Information Science
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783031170973'
  - '9783031170980'
  issn:
  - 1865-0929
  - 1865-0937
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer International Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '24159'
    relation: continues
    status: public
series_title: Communications in Computer and Information Science
status: public
title: Traffic Estimation and MPC-Based Traffic Light System Control in Realistic
  Real-Time Traffic Environments
type: book_chapter
user_id: '552'
volume: 1612
year: '2022'
...