---
_id: '61273'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "In human-machine explanation interactions, such as tutoring systems or customer
    support chatbots, it is important for the machine explainer to infer the human
    user's understanding.  Nonverbal signals play an important role for expressing
    mental states like understanding and confusion in these interactions. However,
    an individual's expressions may vary depending on other factors. In cases where
    these factors are unknown, machine learning methods that infer understanding from
    nonverbal cues become unreliable. Stress for example has been shown to affect
    human expression, but it is not clear from the current research how stress affects
    the expression of understanding.\r\nTo address this gap, we design a paradigm
    that induces understanding and confusion through game rule explanations. During
    the explanations, self-perceived understanding and confusion are annotated by
    the participants. A stress condition is also introduced to enable the investigation
    of changes in the expression of social signals under stress.\r\nWe conducted a
    study to validate the stress induction and participants reported a statistically
    significant increase in stress during the stress condition compared to the neutral
    control condition. \r\nAdditionally, feedback from participants shows that the
    paradigm is effective in inducing understanding and confusion. \r\nThis paradigm
    paves the way for further studies investigating social signals of understanding
    to improve human-machine explanation interactions for varying contexts."
author:
- first_name: Jonas
  full_name: Paletschek, Jonas
  id: '98941'
  last_name: Paletschek
citation:
  ama: 'Paletschek J. A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding and
    Their Susceptibility to Stress. In: <i>12th International Conference on  Affective
    Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>'
  apa: Paletschek, J. (2024). A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding
    and Their Susceptibility to Stress. <i>12th International Conference on  Affective
    Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction</i>. 12th International Conference on 
    Affective Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction, Glasgow. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Paletschek_2024, title={A Paradigm to Investigate Social
    Signals of Understanding and Their Susceptibility to Stress}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>},
    booktitle={12th International Conference on  Affective Computing &#38; Intelligent
    Interaction}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Paletschek, Jonas}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Paletschek, Jonas. “A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding
    and Their Susceptibility to Stress.” In <i>12th International Conference on  Affective
    Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction</i>. IEEE, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Paletschek, “A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding
    and Their Susceptibility to Stress,” presented at the 12th International Conference
    on  Affective Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction, Glasgow, 2024, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>.'
  mla: Paletschek, Jonas. “A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding
    and Their Susceptibility to Stress.” <i>12th International Conference on  Affective
    Computing &#38; Intelligent Interaction</i>, IEEE, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040">10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040</a>.
  short: 'J. Paletschek, in: 12th International Conference on  Affective Computing
    &#38; Intelligent Interaction, IEEE, 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-18
  location: Glasgow
  name: 12th International Conference on  Affective Computing & Intelligent Interaction
  start_date: 2024-09-15
date_created: 2025-09-15T11:24:56Z
date_updated: 2025-09-16T07:57:53Z
ddc:
- '150'
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: paletsch
  date_created: 2025-09-15T11:18:01Z
  date_updated: 2025-09-15T11:18:01Z
  file_id: '61274'
  file_name: ACII2024_Camera_Ready.pdf
  file_size: 8807478
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-09-15T11:18:01Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Understanding
- Nonverbal Social Signals
- Stress Induction
- Explanation
- Machine Learning Bias
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '1200'
  name: TRR 318 - Teilprojekt A6 - Inklusive Ko-Konstruktion sozialer Signale des
    Verstehens
publication: 12th International Conference on  Affective Computing & Intelligent Interaction
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding and Their Susceptibility
  to Stress
type: conference
user_id: '98941'
year: '2024'
...