---
_id: '55308'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Established companies are undertaking major transformation initiatives of
    their corporate structures and organisational forms to cope with the complexity
    during the engineering of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). A frequently
    discussed issue is the measurability of this transformation progress. This paper
    conducts a systematic literature analysis of approaches regarding measurability
    of transformation and evaluates their application in the context of a systems
    engineering transformation. Measure-ment criteria are derived from the identified
    approaches, categorised, and finally evaluated by industry experts regarding their
    applicability. The categorised measurement criteria can be used to accurately
    measure the progress of a transformation process.
author:
- first_name: Iris
  full_name: Gräßler, Iris
  id: '47565'
  last_name: Gräßler
  orcid: 0000-0001-5765-971X
- first_name: Benedikt
  full_name: Grewe, Benedikt
  id: '52359'
  last_name: Grewe
citation:
  ama: 'Gräßler I, Grewe B. Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation: A systematic
    literature review. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>'
  apa: 'Gräßler, I., &#38; Grewe, B. (n.d.). <i>Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation:
    A systematic literature review</i>. 18th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation
    in Manufacturing Engineering, Ischia, Italy. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Gräßler_Grewe, series={18th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation
    in Manufacturing Engineering, 10-12 July 2024}, title={Measuring Systems Engineering
    Transformation: A systematic literature review}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>},
    author={Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt}, collection={18th CIRP Conference on
    Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, 10-12 July 2024} }'
  chicago: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation:
    A Systematic Literature Review.” 18th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation
    in Manufacturing Engineering, 10-12 July 2024, n.d. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>.'
  ieee: 'I. Gräßler and B. Grewe, “Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation: A
    systematic literature review.” doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>.'
  mla: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. <i>Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation:
    A Systematic Literature Review</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202</a>.'
  short: I. Gräßler, B. Grewe, (n.d.).
conference:
  end_date: 2024-07-12
  location: Ischia, Italy
  name: 18th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering
  start_date: 2024-07-10
date_created: 2024-07-17T12:49:44Z
date_updated: 2026-02-24T07:41:48Z
department:
- _id: '152'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202
keyword:
- Organizational Transformation
- Systems Engineering
- Meausrement
- Metrics
- Organizational Change
language:
- iso: eng
publication_status: inpress
quality_controlled: '1'
series_title: 18th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering,
  10-12 July 2024
status: public
title: 'Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation: A systematic literature review'
type: conference
user_id: '52359'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66548'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The Circular Economy is considered a key approach to addressing resource
    scarcity, rising raw material prices, and the need for more resilient value chains.
    However, its practical implementation is often hindered by the lack of suitable
    and standardized metrics, as well as by high requirements for horizontal and vertical
    data integration. This white paper illustrates, through selected Manufacturing-X
    projects, how federated data ecosystems can help establish Circular Economy metrics
    as an effective management instrument for growth, margin protection, and resilience.\r\nBased
    on literature, industrial practice, and demonstrators, Circular Economy metrics
    are structured into four groups: overarching assessment approaches, disassembly-related
    indicators, lifetime-oriented metrics, and end-of-life and recycling-focused indicators.
    Use cases from Construct-X, Decide4ECO, Fluid 4.0, Chem-X, and other Manufacturing-X
    initiatives demonstrate the benefits of data-driven approaches for product, component,
    and material loops. At the same time, they reveal a current lack of interoperable,
    cross-industry standards for both metrics and data models.\r\nThe white paper
    concludes that data ecosystems such as Manufacturing-X are a key enabler for scaling
    circular business models. In particular, shared cross-sector frameworks for metrics,
    standardized information models based for example on the Asset Administration
    Shell, and the integration of circular metrics into existing systems and processes
    are essential. The work presented therefore marks an important step toward a data-driven
    and economically viable Circular Economy."
author:
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Pottebaum, Jens
  id: '405'
  last_name: Pottebaum
  orcid: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8778-2989
- first_name: Katrin
  full_name: Dietrich, Katrin
  last_name: Dietrich
- first_name: Lara
  full_name: Schmidt, Lara
  last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Mostafa
  full_name: Biglari, Mostafa
  last_name: Biglari
- first_name: Michael-Georg
  full_name: Schmidt, Michael-Georg
  last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Alessandro
  full_name: Pistillo, Alessandro
  last_name: Pistillo
- first_name: Nadja
  full_name: Gravina, Nadja
  last_name: Gravina
- first_name: Franziska
  full_name: Schmidt, Franziska
  last_name: Schmidt
citation:
  ama: Pottebaum J, Dietrich K, Schmidt L, et al. <i>Understanding the Value of Data
    Ecosystems for Circular Economy Metrics</i>. Manufacturing-X Guidance Board; 2026.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382">10.24406/PUBLICA-9382</a>
  apa: Pottebaum, J., Dietrich, K., Schmidt, L., Biglari, M., Schmidt, M.-G., Pistillo,
    A., Gravina, N., &#38; Schmidt, F. (2026). <i>Understanding the Value of Data
    Ecosystems for Circular Economy Metrics</i>. Manufacturing-X Guidance Board. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382">https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Pottebaum_Dietrich_Schmidt_Biglari_Schmidt_Pistillo_Gravina_Schmidt_2026,
    place={Berlin}, title={Understanding the Value of Data Ecosystems for Circular
    Economy Metrics}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382">10.24406/PUBLICA-9382</a>},
    publisher={Manufacturing-X Guidance Board}, author={Pottebaum, Jens and Dietrich,
    Katrin and Schmidt, Lara and Biglari, Mostafa and Schmidt, Michael-Georg and Pistillo,
    Alessandro and Gravina, Nadja and Schmidt, Franziska}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Pottebaum, Jens, Katrin Dietrich, Lara Schmidt, Mostafa Biglari, Michael-Georg
    Schmidt, Alessandro Pistillo, Nadja Gravina, and Franziska Schmidt. <i>Understanding
    the Value of Data Ecosystems for Circular Economy Metrics</i>. Berlin: Manufacturing-X
    Guidance Board, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382">https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Pottebaum <i>et al.</i>, <i>Understanding the Value of Data Ecosystems
    for Circular Economy Metrics</i>. Berlin: Manufacturing-X Guidance Board, 2026.'
  mla: Pottebaum, Jens, et al. <i>Understanding the Value of Data Ecosystems for Circular
    Economy Metrics</i>. Manufacturing-X Guidance Board, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.24406/PUBLICA-9382">10.24406/PUBLICA-9382</a>.
  short: J. Pottebaum, K. Dietrich, L. Schmidt, M. Biglari, M.-G. Schmidt, A. Pistillo,
    N. Gravina, F. Schmidt, Understanding the Value of Data Ecosystems for Circular
    Economy Metrics, Manufacturing-X Guidance Board, Berlin, 2026.
date_created: 2026-07-20T19:06:41Z
date_updated: 2026-07-20T19:13:06Z
department:
- _id: '152'
doi: 10.24406/PUBLICA-9382
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Circular Economy
- Circular Economy Metrics
- Manufacturing-X
- Data Ecosystems
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
place: Berlin
publication_status: published
publisher: Manufacturing-X Guidance Board
status: public
title: Understanding the Value of Data Ecosystems for Circular Economy Metrics
type: report
user_id: '405'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '17358'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Approximate circuits trade-off computational accuracy against improvements
    in hardware area, delay, or energy consumption. IP core vendors who wish to create
    such circuits need to convince consumers of the resulting approximation quality.
    As a solution we propose proof-carrying approximate circuits: The vendor creates
    an approximate IP core together with a certificate that proves the approximation
    quality. The proof certificate is bundled with the approximate IP core and sent
    off to the consumer. The consumer can formally verify the approximation quality
    of the IP core at a fraction of the typical computational cost for formal verification.
    In this paper, we first make the case for proof-carrying approximate circuits
    and then demonstrate the feasibility of the approach by a set of synthesis experiments
    using an exemplary approximation framework.'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Linus Matthias
  full_name: Witschen, Linus Matthias
  id: '49051'
  last_name: Witschen
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Wiersema, Tobias
  id: '3118'
  last_name: Wiersema
- first_name: Marco
  full_name: Platzner, Marco
  id: '398'
  last_name: Platzner
citation:
  ama: Witschen LM, Wiersema T, Platzner M. Proof-carrying Approximate Circuits. <i>IEEE
    Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems</i>. 2020;28(9):2084-2088.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061">10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061</a>
  apa: Witschen, L. M., Wiersema, T., &#38; Platzner, M. (2020). Proof-carrying Approximate
    Circuits. <i>IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems</i>, <i>28</i>(9),
    2084–2088. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061">https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Witschen_Wiersema_Platzner_2020, title={Proof-carrying Approximate
    Circuits}, volume={28}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061">10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061</a>},
    number={9}, journal={IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems},
    publisher={IEEE}, author={Witschen, Linus Matthias and Wiersema, Tobias and Platzner,
    Marco}, year={2020}, pages={2084–2088} }'
  chicago: 'Witschen, Linus Matthias, Tobias Wiersema, and Marco Platzner. “Proof-Carrying
    Approximate Circuits.” <i>IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems</i>
    28, no. 9 (2020): 2084–88. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061">https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061</a>.'
  ieee: L. M. Witschen, T. Wiersema, and M. Platzner, “Proof-carrying Approximate
    Circuits,” <i>IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems</i>, vol.
    28, no. 9, pp. 2084–2088, 2020.
  mla: Witschen, Linus Matthias, et al. “Proof-Carrying Approximate Circuits.” <i>IEEE
    Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems</i>, vol. 28, no. 9, IEEE,
    2020, pp. 2084–88, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061">10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061</a>.
  short: L.M. Witschen, T. Wiersema, M. Platzner, IEEE Transactions On Very Large
    Scale Integration Systems 28 (2020) 2084–2088.
date_created: 2020-07-06T11:21:30Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:53:09Z
department:
- _id: '78'
doi: 10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3008061
funded_apc: '1'
intvolume: '        28'
issue: '9'
keyword:
- Approximate circuit synthesis
- approximate computing
- error metrics
- formal verification
- proof-carrying hardware
language:
- iso: eng
page: 2084 - 2088
project:
- _id: '12'
  name: SFB 901 - Subproject B4
- _id: '3'
  name: SFB 901 - Project Area B
- _id: '1'
  name: SFB 901
publication: IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration Systems
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1557-9999
  issn:
  - 1063-8210
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Proof-carrying Approximate Circuits
type: journal_article
user_id: '49051'
volume: 28
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '5625'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The increasing availability and deployment of open source software in personal
    and commercial environments makes open source software highly appealing for hackers,
    and others who are interested in exploiting software vulnerabilities. This deployment
    has resulted in a debate ?full of religion? on the security of open source software
    compared to that of closed source software. However, beyond such arguments, only
    little quantitative analysis on this research issue has taken place. We discuss
    the state-of-the-art of the security debate and identify shortcomings. Based on
    these, we propose new metrics, which allows to answer the question to what extent
    the review process of open source and closed source development has helped to
    fix vulnerabilities. We illustrate the application of some of these metrics in
    a case study on OpenOffice (open source software) vs. Microsoft Office (closed
    source software).
author:
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Schryen, Guido
  id: '72850'
  last_name: Schryen
- first_name: Rouven
  full_name: Kadura, Rouven
  last_name: Kadura
citation:
  ama: 'Schryen G, Kadura R. Open Source vs. Closed Source Software: Towards Measuring
    Security. In: <i>24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing</i>. ; 2009.'
  apa: 'Schryen, G., &#38; Kadura, R. (2009). Open Source vs. Closed Source Software:
    Towards Measuring Security. In <i>24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing</i>.'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schryen_Kadura_2009, title={Open Source vs. Closed Source
    Software: Towards Measuring Security}, booktitle={24th Annual ACM Symposium on
    Applied Computing}, author={Schryen, Guido and Kadura, Rouven}, year={2009} }'
  chicago: 'Schryen, Guido, and Rouven Kadura. “Open Source vs. Closed Source Software:
    Towards Measuring Security.” In <i>24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing</i>,
    2009.'
  ieee: 'G. Schryen and R. Kadura, “Open Source vs. Closed Source Software: Towards
    Measuring Security,” in <i>24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing</i>,
    2009.'
  mla: 'Schryen, Guido, and Rouven Kadura. “Open Source vs. Closed Source Software:
    Towards Measuring Security.” <i>24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing</i>,
    2009.'
  short: 'G. Schryen, R. Kadura, in: 24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing,
    2009.'
date_created: 2018-11-14T14:12:27Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:02:13Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '277'
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: hsiemes
  date_created: 2018-12-18T13:14:09Z
  date_updated: 2018-12-18T13:14:09Z
  file_id: '6310'
  file_name: ACM VERSION.pdf
  file_size: 456497
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2018-12-18T13:14:09Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Open source software
- Closed source software
- Security
- Metrics
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
publication: 24th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
status: public
title: 'Open Source vs. Closed Source Software: Towards Measuring Security'
type: conference
user_id: '61579'
year: '2009'
...