---
_id: '24550'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market
during 2014‒2021 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies
as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked
according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors
via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp (until
2020) and 360 Wp (starting 2021). Inverters \r\nwith two inputs have been fed
by two of those modules. DC input, AC power output and energy yield of each micro\x02inverter
have been recorded by individual calibrated electricity meters. CEC and EU efficiency
rankings have been \r\ncomputed and compared. To assess the influence of PV module
size, two extremes have been investigated: A rather \r\nsmall module with 215
Wp - as it has been used 10 years ago, and a brand-new module (2021) offering
360 Wp. Both \r\ntypes of modules contain 60 solar cells in series connection.
Appling the low-power modules, the challenge for the \r\ndifferent micro-inverters
has been during weak-light conditions, using the high-power modules, some inverters
\r\ntemporarily reach their power limits and yield is reduced. A method using
a reference configuration of inverter & \r\nmodule and a linear equation y = ax
+ b resulting in the actual yield, any module & inverter configuration can be
\r\ncharacterized by just the coefficients a and b."
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module
Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: Proceedings of the 38th
European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021).
; 2021:659-663. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2021). Module-Inverters (Microinverters):
Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. Proceedings
of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC
2021), 659–663. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2021, title={Module-Inverters (Microinverters):
Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg},
year={2021}, pages={659–663} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters):
Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In Proceedings
of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC
2021), 659–63, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence
of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in Proceedings
of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC
2021), 2021, pp. 659–663, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence
of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” Proceedings of
the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC
2021), 2021, pp. 659–63, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4.'
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021), 2021, pp. 659–663.'
conference:
end_date: 2021-09-10
name: 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2021)
start_date: 2021-09-06
date_created: 2021-09-16T10:17:11Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:22:03Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T13:20:31Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:20:31Z
file_id: '29175'
file_name: Krauter Bendfeld - Module size Microinverters - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf
file_size: 5413518
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:20:31Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- AC-modules
- Microinverter
- Power Conditioning
- Efficiency
- Yield
- PV module size
- saturation
- performance
language:
- iso: eng
page: 659 - 663
publication: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 3-936338-78-7
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion
Efficiencies and Energy Yields'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '18387'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: " During comparative measurements of different PV microinverters, two yield
issues came up that could \r\nnot be explored via conventional efficiency measurements,
but do have a significant impact on electrical energy \r\nyield: First category
of issues are either sluggish or nervously acting maximum–power–point–tracking
devices, which \r\nlead to reduced energy yields. The other category of issues
is thermal: As a first explanation for observed reduced \r\nenergy yields, it
has been assumed that the conversion efficiency degrades at higher operating temperatures.
This \r\nmatter has been investigated in this article: A change in conversion
efficiency could not be observed for elevated \r\noperation temperatures up to
50°C, despite high-precision and repeated measurements. But it was found that
some \r\ninverters temporarily interrupted (or entirely stopped) operation after
long periods of running at high temperatures. \r\nAlso, a reduction in potential
maximum power output has been detected for those inverters. Summarizing: With
a \r\nhigh degree of certainty it can be stated that those reported yield losses
have been caused by the temporary shutdowns \r\nand power limitations of the inverters."
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall
Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. In: Proceedings of the EU
PVSEC 2020 . ; 2020:1179-1180. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6'
apa: Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. Proceedings of the
EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–1180. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Elevated Temperatures Affecting
Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6},
booktitle={Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 }, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld,
Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1179–1180} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” In Proceedings
of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–80, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.
ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters,” in Proceedings
of the EU PVSEC 2020 , online, 2020, pp. 1179–1180, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.'
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” Proceedings of
the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–80, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp.
1179–1180.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: EU PVSEC 2020, 37th EU Photovoltaik Solar Energy Conference
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-08-27T06:26:25Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:32:47Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
file_id: '29171'
file_name: Krauter Bendfeld - Microinverters at elevated temperatures EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 599660
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
jel:
- Q42
keyword:
- AC-modules
- Microinverter
- Power Conditioning
- Thermal Performance
- Ventilation
- Stability
- Efficiency
- Yield
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1179 - 1180
publication: 'Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 '
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 3-936338-73-6
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy
Yield of PV Microinverters
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...