--- _id: '33372' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Academics may actively respond to the expectations of the academic status market, which have largely been shaped by the World University Rankings (WURs). This study empirically examines how academics’ citation patterns have changed in response to the rise of an “evaluation environment” in academia. We regard the WURs to be a macro-level trigger for cementing a bibliometric-based evaluation environment in academia. Our analyses of citation patterns in papers published in two higher education journals explicitly considered three distinct periods: the pre-WURs (1990–2003), the period of WURs implementation (2004–2010), and the period of adaption to WURs (2011–2017). We applied the nonparametric Kaplan–Meier method to compare first-citation speeds of papers published across the three periods. We found that not only has first-citation speed become faster, but first-citation probability has also increased following the emergence of the WURs. Applying Cox proportional hazard models to first-citation probabilities, we identified journal impact factors and third-party funding as factors influencing first-citation probability, while other author- and paper-related factors showed limited effects. We also found that the general effects of different factors on first-citation speeds have changed with the emergence of the WURs. The findings expand our understanding of the citation patterns of academics in the rise of WURs and provide practical grounds for research policy as well as higher education policy.' article_number: '9515' article_type: original author: - first_name: Soo Jeung full_name: Lee, Soo Jeung last_name: Lee - first_name: Christian full_name: Schneijderberg, Christian last_name: Schneijderberg - first_name: Yangson full_name: Kim, Yangson last_name: Kim - first_name: Isabel full_name: Steinhardt, Isabel id: '90339' last_name: Steinhardt orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-6189 citation: ama: Lee SJ, Schneijderberg C, Kim Y, Steinhardt I. Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds. Sustainability. 2021;13(17). doi:10.3390/su13179515 apa: Lee, S. J., Schneijderberg, C., Kim, Y., & Steinhardt, I. (2021). Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds. Sustainability, 13(17), Article 9515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515 bibtex: '@article{Lee_Schneijderberg_Kim_Steinhardt_2021, title={Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/su13179515}, number={179515}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lee, Soo Jeung and Schneijderberg, Christian and Kim, Yangson and Steinhardt, Isabel}, year={2021} }' chicago: Lee, Soo Jeung, Christian Schneijderberg, Yangson Kim, and Isabel Steinhardt. “Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds.” Sustainability 13, no. 17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515. ieee: 'S. J. Lee, C. Schneijderberg, Y. Kim, and I. Steinhardt, “Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 17, Art. no. 9515, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13179515.' mla: Lee, Soo Jeung, et al. “Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds.” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 17, 9515, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/su13179515. short: S.J. Lee, C. Schneijderberg, Y. Kim, I. Steinhardt, Sustainability 13 (2021). date_created: 2022-09-15T08:27:56Z date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:37:41Z ddc: - '300' department: - _id: '121' doi: 10.3390/su13179515 extern: '1' file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: isste date_created: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z file_id: '33375' file_name: Lee et al. 2021 Academic Citations.pdf file_size: 2407463 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 13' issue: '17' keyword: - world university rankings - citation - first-citation speed - Minerva - Studies in Higher Education language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/17/9515 oa: '1' publication: Sustainability publication_identifier: issn: - 2071-1050 publication_status: published publisher: MDPI AG quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds type: journal_article user_id: '90339' volume: 13 year: '2021' ...