---
_id: '59518'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The two-step norm elicitation procedure describes a commonly used tool for
    measuring normative\r\nexpectations in an incentivized way. This study tests some
    of its design features to determine whether\r\nelicited beliefs and related behaviours
    vary depending on i) the time of elicitation (before vs after the\r\ndecision),
    ii) incentivizing vs not incentivizing a question about normative expectations,
    and iii)\r\nquestioning subjects on their beliefs about the action of interest
    alone or combined with an alternative\r\naction. An online experiment is conducted
    via Prolific comprising a dictator game and the elicitation of\r\nfairness beliefs.
    A pretest reveals that applying role uncertainty does not alter beliefs and behaviours\r\ncompared
    to a baseline treatment without it. Subsequently, three treatments are implemented.
    Contrary\r\nto previous studies, results indicate that varying the time of elicitation
    does not significantly alter the\r\nmoney-share decision. However, incentivizing
    the question about normative expectations significantly\r\nincreases the fit with
    the actual majority norm. Finally, asking about a fair share and an unfair share\r\ninstead
    of only about fair sharing does not alter personal normative beliefs or normative
    expectations,\r\nbut it increases the empirical expectations that other dictators
    have provided a fair share."
author:
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Plaß, Sabrina
  id: '34502'
  last_name: Plaß
citation:
  ama: Plaß S. <i>Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure</i>.; 2025.
  apa: Plaß, S. (2025). <i>Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure</i>.
  bibtex: '@book{Plaß_2025, title={Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure},
    author={Plaß, Sabrina}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Plaß, Sabrina. <i>Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure</i>,
    2025.
  ieee: S. Plaß, <i>Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure</i>. 2025.
  mla: Plaß, Sabrina. <i>Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure</i>.
    2025.
  short: S. Plaß, Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure, 2025.
date_created: 2025-04-11T13:57:16Z
date_updated: 2025-04-11T14:00:08Z
ddc:
- '330'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: splass
  date_created: 2025-04-11T13:57:11Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-11T13:57:11Z
  file_id: '59519'
  file_name: ssrn-5201614.pdf
  file_size: 617905
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2025-04-11T13:57:11Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Social Norms
- Normative Expectations
- Elicitation
- Economic Experiment
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: file:///C:/Users/splass/Downloads/ssrn-5201614.pdf
oa: '1'
status: public
title: Variations in the Two-Step Norm Elicitation Procedure
type: working_paper
user_id: '34502'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '59520'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Normative expectations – beliefs about what others perceive as appropriate
    – have been shown to influence behavioural choices across various domains. We
    examine this concept in the context of whistleblowing, where potential whistleblowers
    face two competing norms: promoting fairness by reporting wrongdoing versus maintaining
    loyalty to peers by staying silent. We investigate how normative expectations
    about these two mutually exclusive actions affect reporting decisions. Specifically,
    we test whether providing information on the majority beliefs about either the
    appropriateness of whistleblowing, or of staying silent, or about both behaviours
    together, differentially affects the whistleblowing decision. Using an incentivized
    experiment with UK employees on Prolific, our study yields four key findings:
    First, employees are more likely to report misconduct when they believe that the
    majority considers whistleblowing to be appropriate. Second, they are less likely
    to blow the whistle when they believe staying silent is deemed appropriate. Third,
    this effect prevails for a particularly important subgroup: among employees who
    believe that the majority supports whistleblowing, the reporting probability increases
    substantially when they simultaneously expect that staying silent is deemed inappropriate.
    Fourth, providing information about both normative dimensions combined or only
    about the inappropriateness of staying silent significantly increases whistleblowing
    compared to the (no information) baseline and to information about whistleblowing
    appropriateness alone. These findings demonstrate the importance of normative
    expectations about both behavioural options for accurately predicting whistleblowing
    behaviour, and that social information interventions are most effective when they
    target behaviours where appropriateness beliefs about conflicting options are
    dispersed. '
author:
- first_name: Behnud
  full_name: Mir Djawadi, Behnud
  id: '26032'
  last_name: Mir Djawadi
  orcid: 0000-0002-6271-5912
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Plaß, Sabrina
  id: '34502'
  last_name: Plaß
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Loer, Sabrina
  id: '38794'
  last_name: Loer
citation:
  ama: Mir Djawadi B, Plaß S, Loer S. <i>Multiple Normative Expectations and Interventions
    -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour</i>.; 2024.
  apa: Mir Djawadi, B., Plaß, S., &#38; Loer, S. (2024). <i>Multiple Normative Expectations
    and Interventions -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour</i>.
  bibtex: '@book{Mir Djawadi_Plaß_Loer_2024, title={Multiple Normative Expectations
    and Interventions -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour}, author={Mir
    Djawadi, Behnud and Plaß, Sabrina and Loer, Sabrina}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Mir Djawadi, Behnud, Sabrina Plaß, and Sabrina Loer. <i>Multiple Normative
    Expectations and Interventions -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour</i>,
    2024.
  ieee: B. Mir Djawadi, S. Plaß, and S. Loer, <i>Multiple Normative Expectations and
    Interventions -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour</i>. 2024.
  mla: Mir Djawadi, Behnud, et al. <i>Multiple Normative Expectations and Interventions
    -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour</i>. 2024.
  short: B. Mir Djawadi, S. Plaß, S. Loer, Multiple Normative Expectations and Interventions
    -Experimental Evidence on Whistleblowing Behaviour, 2024.
date_created: 2025-04-11T14:02:17Z
date_updated: 2025-04-11T19:30:45Z
keyword:
- Whistleblowing
- Normative Expectations
- Social Information Intervention
- Social Norms
- Economic Experiment
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: file:///C:/Users/splass/Downloads/ssrn-5176305.pdf
oa: '1'
status: public
title: Multiple Normative Expectations and Interventions -Experimental Evidence on
  Whistleblowing Behaviour
type: working_paper
user_id: '34502'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '59521'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Social norms fundamentally shape economic decision-making, yet individuals
    often systematically misperceive what others think and do, potentially leading
    to suboptimal social outcomes. We examine how such misperceptions affect behaviour
    and whether correcting them can induce a behavioural change, using whistleblowing
    as an application. Through survey data and an incentivized laboratory experiment,
    we demonstrate that while a majority of individuals (>75%) privately support whistleblowing,
    almost half (45.92%) misperceive the majority’s view. Both personal normative
    beliefs and normative expectations strongly predict whistleblowing behaviour.
    Their alignment is particularly noteworthy: individuals who personally support
    whistleblowing are more likely to report misconduct when they believe others share
    their views. A social information intervention revealing the true distribution
    of peer support affects subgroups differently: while it increases whistleblowing
    behaviour among individuals who already personally favour reporting misconduct,
    there is no effect among those who are personally resistant to it. Still, given
    the relatively low cost of such social information interventions, they offer an
    economically viable means of achieving behavioural change in at least some of
    the targeted individuals. '
author:
- first_name: Behnud
  full_name: Mir Djawadi, Behnud
  id: '26032'
  last_name: Mir Djawadi
  orcid: 0000-0002-6271-5912
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Plaß, Sabrina
  id: '34502'
  last_name: Plaß
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Loer, Sabrina
  id: '38794'
  last_name: Loer
citation:
  ama: 'Mir Djawadi B, Plaß S, Loer S. <i>“I Don’t Believe That You Believe What I
    Believe”: An Experiment on Misperceptions of Social Norms and Whistleblowing</i>.;
    2024.'
  apa: 'Mir Djawadi, B., Plaß, S., &#38; Loer, S. (2024). <i>“I don’t believe that
    you believe what I believe”: an experiment on misperceptions of social norms and
    whistleblowing</i>.'
  bibtex: '@book{Mir Djawadi_Plaß_Loer_2024, title={“I don’t believe that you believe
    what I believe”: an experiment on misperceptions of social norms and whistleblowing},
    author={Mir Djawadi, Behnud and Plaß, Sabrina and Loer, Sabrina}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: 'Mir Djawadi, Behnud, Sabrina Plaß, and Sabrina Loer. <i>“I Don’t Believe
    That You Believe What I Believe”: An Experiment on Misperceptions of Social Norms
    and Whistleblowing</i>, 2024.'
  ieee: 'B. Mir Djawadi, S. Plaß, and S. Loer, <i>“I don’t believe that you believe
    what I believe”: an experiment on misperceptions of social norms and whistleblowing</i>.
    2024.'
  mla: 'Mir Djawadi, Behnud, et al. <i>“I Don’t Believe That You Believe What I Believe”:
    An Experiment on Misperceptions of Social Norms and Whistleblowing</i>. 2024.'
  short: 'B. Mir Djawadi, S. Plaß, S. Loer, “I Don’t Believe That You Believe What
    I Believe”: An Experiment on Misperceptions of Social Norms and Whistleblowing,
    2024.'
date_created: 2025-04-11T14:05:03Z
date_updated: 2025-04-11T19:30:59Z
keyword:
- Social Norms
- Normative Expectations
- Personal Normative Belief
- Misperceptions
- Whistleblowing
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: file:///C:/Users/splass/Downloads/ssrn-4868252-2.pdf
oa: '1'
status: public
title: '“I don’t believe that you believe what I believe”: an experiment on misperceptions
  of social norms and whistleblowing'
type: working_paper
user_id: '34502'
year: '2024'
...