[{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["590"],"keyword":["Reproductive phase","Hominoid","CTX-I","Bone turnover markers","Pan paniscus","Bone density"],"publication":"Evolutionary Human Sciences","file":[{"file_size":1473060,"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"61133","file_name":"Behringer et al - 2025 - Wild-bonobos-experience-unusually-low-bone-resorption-during-early-lactation-relative-to-humans-and-other-mammals.pdf","date_updated":"2025-09-04T11:39:04Z","date_created":"2025-09-04T11:39:04Z","creator":"hdouglas","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In mammals, pregnancy and lactation are marked by calcium stress and bone resorption, leading to reduced bone mineral density. In humans, these periods may partly explain the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in older women compared with men, but lactation patterns in modern humans may reflect cultural influences rather than natural conditions. The extent to which these findings apply to wild-living mammals remains unknown. We measured urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTX-I) levels, a bone resorption marker, during pregnancy in wild and zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus) and during lactation in wild bonobos. Studying wild-living primates such as bonobos can provide insights into ancestral reproductive adaptations. We found an increase in CTX-I levels towards the end of pregnancy in zoo-housed and primiparous wild females. Contrary to expectations, CTX-I levels during early lactation are lower than in other reproductive phases. This pattern diverges from the assumption that lactation increases bone resorption. Our findings suggest that wild bonobos may use physiological or behavioral strategies to modulate bone metabolism during lactation. These adaptations, shaped in natural environments, provide insight into evolutionary pressures on skeletal health and may inform strategies to mitigate bone loss in humans."}],"date_created":"2025-08-26T19:28:20Z","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","title":"Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals","issue":"e27","year":"2025","user_id":"72311","department":[{"_id":"40"}],"_id":"61026","file_date_updated":"2025-09-04T11:39:04Z","type":"journal_article","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Behringer, Verena","last_name":"Behringer","first_name":"Verena"},{"full_name":"Sonnweber, Ruth","last_name":"Sonnweber","first_name":"Ruth"},{"full_name":"Fruth, Barbara","last_name":"Fruth","first_name":"Barbara"},{"first_name":"Genevieve","full_name":"Housman, Genevieve","last_name":"Housman"},{"first_name":"Pamela Heidi","last_name":"Douglas","full_name":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi","id":"72311"},{"first_name":"Jeroen M. G.","full_name":"Stevens, Jeroen M. G.","last_name":"Stevens"},{"first_name":"Gottfried","last_name":"Hohmann","full_name":"Hohmann, Gottfried"},{"last_name":"Kivell","full_name":"Kivell, Tracy L.","first_name":"Tracy L."}],"volume":7,"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-09-04T11:44:28Z","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E819AFD9F17034D21F2F39FC9817C35E/S2513843X25100133a.pdf/wild-bonobos-experience-unusually-low-bone-resorption-during-early-lactation-relative-to-humans-and-other-mammals.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1017/ehs.2025.10013","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2513-843X"]},"citation":{"ama":"Behringer V, Sonnweber R, Fruth B, et al. Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. 2025;7(e27):1-23. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>","chicago":"Behringer, Verena, Ruth Sonnweber, Barbara Fruth, Genevieve Housman, Pamela Heidi Douglas, Jeroen M. G. Stevens, Gottfried Hohmann, and Tracy L. Kivell. “Wild Bonobos Experience Unusually Low Bone Resorption during Early Lactation Relative to Humans and Other Mammals.” <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i> 7, no. e27 (2025): 1–23. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>.","ieee":"V. Behringer <i>et al.</i>, “Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals,” <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>, vol. 7, no. e27, pp. 1–23, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>.","apa":"Behringer, V., Sonnweber, R., Fruth, B., Housman, G., Douglas, P. H., Stevens, J. M. G., Hohmann, G., &#38; Kivell, T. L. (2025). Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>, <i>7</i>(e27), 1–23. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>","bibtex":"@article{Behringer_Sonnweber_Fruth_Housman_Douglas_Stevens_Hohmann_Kivell_2025, title={Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals}, volume={7}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>}, number={e27}, journal={Evolutionary Human Sciences}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Behringer, Verena and Sonnweber, Ruth and Fruth, Barbara and Housman, Genevieve and Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Stevens, Jeroen M. G. and Hohmann, Gottfried and Kivell, Tracy L.}, year={2025}, pages={1–23} }","mla":"Behringer, Verena, et al. “Wild Bonobos Experience Unusually Low Bone Resorption during Early Lactation Relative to Humans and Other Mammals.” <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>, vol. 7, no. e27, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2025, pp. 1–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013\">10.1017/ehs.2025.10013</a>.","short":"V. Behringer, R. Sonnweber, B. Fruth, G. Housman, P.H. Douglas, J.M.G. Stevens, G. Hohmann, T.L. Kivell, Evolutionary Human Sciences 7 (2025) 1–23."},"page":"1-23","intvolume":"         7"},{"date_created":"2025-08-26T18:57:51Z","publisher":"Wiley","title":"Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC","issue":"1","year":"2017","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Pan paniscus","mtDNA","proximity","genito-genital rubbing","food sharing"],"publication":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Objectives: \r\nFemale bonobos (Pan paniscus) are characterized as highly affiliative and cooperative,but few studies have quantified the strength and stability of female intra-sexual relationships or explored how variation in social relationships influences cooperation. We measure female social preferences, identify causes of variation in preferences, and test whether variation in social preferences predicts food sharing or coalitionary support.\r\nMethods: Data were collected over 3 years from females in the Bompusa community at LuiKotale,DRC. We measured genetic relatedness and constructed social preference indices for party association, proximity, grooming, GG-rubbing and aggression. We identified preferred social partners based on permutation tests and measured stability using Mantel tests. We used factor analysis to identify inter-relationships between preference indices and used LMMs to test whether variation in social preferences was explained by relatedness, rank differences, having dependent young or co-residency time. We used GLMMs to test whether variation in social preferences predicted food sharing or coalitionary support.\r\nResults: All females had preferred non-kin partners for proximity, grooming or GG-rubbing, but only grooming preferences were stable across years. Association indices were higher among lactating females, and aggression was lower among females with longer co-residency times. The factor analysis identified one factor, representing proximity and GG-rubbing preferences, labeled behavioral coordination. Dyads with higher levels of behavioral coordination were more likely to share food.\r\nConclusions: Female bonobos exhibit stable, differentiated grooming relationships outside of kinship and philopatry. Females also exhibit flexible proximity and GG-rubbing preferences that may facilitate cooperation with a wider range of social partners."}],"volume":163,"author":[{"first_name":"Liza R.","last_name":"Moscovice","full_name":"Moscovice, Liza R."},{"first_name":"Pamela Heidi","id":"72311","full_name":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi","last_name":"Douglas"},{"full_name":"Martinez‐Iñigo, Laura","last_name":"Martinez‐Iñigo","first_name":"Laura"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Surbeck","full_name":"Surbeck, Martin"},{"first_name":"Linda","full_name":"Vigilant, Linda","last_name":"Vigilant"},{"first_name":"Gottfried","last_name":"Hohmann","full_name":"Hohmann, Gottfried"}],"date_updated":"2025-08-26T19:07:49Z","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.23197","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0002-9483","1096-8644"]},"publication_status":"published","page":"158-172","intvolume":"       163","citation":{"apa":"Moscovice, L. R., Douglas, P. H., Martinez‐Iñigo, L., Surbeck, M., Vigilant, L., &#38; Hohmann, G. (2017). Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>, <i>163</i>(1), 158–172. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>","short":"L.R. Moscovice, P.H. Douglas, L. Martinez‐Iñigo, M. Surbeck, L. Vigilant, G. Hohmann, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163 (2017) 158–172.","bibtex":"@article{Moscovice_Douglas_Martinez‐Iñigo_Surbeck_Vigilant_Hohmann_2017, title={Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC}, volume={163}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moscovice, Liza R. and Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Martinez‐Iñigo, Laura and Surbeck, Martin and Vigilant, Linda and Hohmann, Gottfried}, year={2017}, pages={158–172} }","mla":"Moscovice, Liza R., et al. “Stable and Fluctuating Social Preferences and Implications for Cooperation among Female Bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC.” <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>, vol. 163, no. 1, Wiley, 2017, pp. 158–72, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>.","ieee":"L. R. Moscovice, P. H. Douglas, L. Martinez‐Iñigo, M. Surbeck, L. Vigilant, and G. Hohmann, “Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC,” <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 158–172, 2017, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>.","chicago":"Moscovice, Liza R., Pamela Heidi Douglas, Laura Martinez‐Iñigo, Martin Surbeck, Linda Vigilant, and Gottfried Hohmann. “Stable and Fluctuating Social Preferences and Implications for Cooperation among Female Bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC.” <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> 163, no. 1 (2017): 158–72. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>.","ama":"Moscovice LR, Douglas PH, Martinez‐Iñigo L, Surbeck M, Vigilant L, Hohmann G. Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. 2017;163(1):158-172. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197\">10.1002/ajpa.23197</a>"},"user_id":"72311","_id":"61023","extern":"1","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public"},{"title":"Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","date_created":"2025-08-26T19:10:36Z","year":"2016","issue":"1","keyword":["Primate","Sexual signalling","Fecundity","Endocrine analysis","LC–MS/MS","Estrogen","Pan paniscus","Pregnanediol","Mate guarding"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: The evolution of primate sexual swellings and their influence on mating strategies have captivated the\r\ninterest of biologists for over a century. Across the primate order, variability in the timing of ovulation with respect to\r\nfemales’ sexual swelling patterns differs greatly. Since sexual swellings typically function as signals of female fecundity,\r\nthe temporal relation between ovulation and sexual swellings can impact the ability of males to pinpoint ovulation\r\nand thereby affect male mating strategies. Here, we used endocrine parameters to detect ovulation and examined the\r\ntemporal relation between the maximum swelling phase (MSP) and ovulation in wild female bonobos (Pan paniscus).\r\nData were collected at the Luikotale field site, Democratic Republic of Congo, spanning 36 months. Observational data\r\nfrom 13 females were used to characterise female swelling cycles (N = 70). Furthermore, we measured urinary oestrone\r\nand pregnanediol using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and used pregnanediol to determine the\r\ntiming of ovulation in 34 cycles (N = 9 females).\r\nResults: We found that the duration of females’ MSP was highly variable, ranging from 1 to 31 days. Timing of ovulation\r\nvaried considerably in relation to the onset of the MSP, resulting in a very low day-specific probability of ovulation and\r\nfecundity across female cycles. Ovulation occurred during the MSP in only 52.9 % of the analysed swelling cycles, and\r\nfemales showed regular sexual swelling patterns in N = 8 swelling cycles where ovulation did not occur. These findings\r\nreveal that sexual swellings of bonobos are less reliable indicators of ovulation compared to other species of primates.\r\nConclusions: Female bonobos show unusual variability in the duration of the MSP and in the timing of ovulation\r\nrelative to the sexual swelling signal. These data are important for understanding the evolution of sexual signals, how\r\nthey influence male and female mating strategies, and how decoupling visual signals of fecundity from the periovulatory\r\nperiod may affect intersexual conflict. By prolonging the period during which males would need to mate guard females\r\nto ascertain paternity, the temporal variability of this signal may constrain mate-guarding efforts by male bonobos."}],"publication":"BMC Evolutionary Biology","doi":"10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3","open_access":"1"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-08-26T19:52:41Z","volume":16,"author":[{"first_name":"Pamela Heidi","last_name":"Douglas","full_name":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi","id":"72311"},{"first_name":"Gottfried","last_name":"Hohmann","full_name":"Hohmann, Gottfried"},{"last_name":"Murtagh","full_name":"Murtagh, Róisín","first_name":"Róisín"},{"first_name":"Robyn","full_name":"Thiessen-Bock, Robyn","last_name":"Thiessen-Bock"},{"full_name":"Deschner, Tobias","last_name":"Deschner","first_name":"Tobias"}],"intvolume":"        16","citation":{"short":"P.H. Douglas, G. Hohmann, R. Murtagh, R. Thiessen-Bock, T. Deschner, BMC Evolutionary Biology 16 (2016).","mla":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi, et al. “Mixed Messages: Wild Female Bonobos Show High Variability in the Timing of Ovulation in Relation to Sexual Swelling Patterns.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 16, no. 1, 140, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2016, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Douglas_Hohmann_Murtagh_Thiessen-Bock_Deschner_2016, title={Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns}, volume={16}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>}, number={1140}, journal={BMC Evolutionary Biology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Hohmann, Gottfried and Murtagh, Róisín and Thiessen-Bock, Robyn and Deschner, Tobias}, year={2016} }","apa":"Douglas, P. H., Hohmann, G., Murtagh, R., Thiessen-Bock, R., &#38; Deschner, T. (2016). Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, <i>16</i>(1), Article 140. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>","chicago":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi, Gottfried Hohmann, Róisín Murtagh, Robyn Thiessen-Bock, and Tobias Deschner. “Mixed Messages: Wild Female Bonobos Show High Variability in the Timing of Ovulation in Relation to Sexual Swelling Patterns.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i> 16, no. 1 (2016). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>.","ieee":"P. H. Douglas, G. Hohmann, R. Murtagh, R. Thiessen-Bock, and T. Deschner, “Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns,” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 16, no. 1, Art. no. 140, 2016, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>.","ama":"Douglas PH, Hohmann G, Murtagh R, Thiessen-Bock R, Deschner T. Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. 2016;16(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3\">10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1471-2148"]},"publication_status":"published","article_number":"140","article_type":"original","extern":"1","_id":"61024","department":[{"_id":"40"}],"user_id":"72311","status":"public","type":"journal_article"},{"title":"Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo","date_created":"2025-08-26T19:35:29Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","year":"2014","issue":"4","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Birth","Pan paniscus","Parturition","Perinatal behaviour","Placentophagia","Female sociality"],"abstract":[{"text":"Parturition is one of the most important yet least observed events in studies of primate life history and reproduction. Here, I report the first documented observation of a bonobo (Pan paniscus) birth event in the wild, at the Luikotale Bonobo Project field site, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The nulliparous mother’s behaviour before, during and after parturition is described, along with reactions of other community members to the birth and the neonate. Data were collected through focal-animal observations, and the events postpartum were photo-documented. The behaviour and spatial distribution of party members were recorded using scan samples. Parturition occurred during the late morning in a social context, with parous females in close proximity to the parturient mother. Placentophagia occurred immediately after delivery, and the parturient shared the placenta with two of the attending females. I compare this observation with reports of parturition in captive bonobos, and highlight the observed female sociality and social support during the birth event. Plausible adaptive advantages of parturition occurring in a social context are discussed, and accrued observations of birth events in wild and free-ranging primates suggest that females may give birth within proximity of others more frequently than previously thought. This account contributes rare empirical data for examining the interface between female sociality and parturition, and the evolution of parturitional behaviours in primates.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Primates","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://rdcu.be/eCzPP"}],"doi":"10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0","author":[{"first_name":"Pamela Heidi","last_name":"Douglas","id":"72311","full_name":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi"}],"volume":55,"date_updated":"2025-08-26T19:53:09Z","citation":{"ama":"Douglas PH. Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo. <i>Primates</i>. 2014;55(4):533-542. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>","chicago":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi. “Female Sociality during the Daytime Birth of a Wild Bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” <i>Primates</i> 55, no. 4 (2014): 533–42. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>.","ieee":"P. H. Douglas, “Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo,” <i>Primates</i>, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 533–542, 2014, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Douglas_2014, title={Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo}, volume={55}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>}, number={4}, journal={Primates}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi}, year={2014}, pages={533–542} }","short":"P.H. Douglas, Primates 55 (2014) 533–542.","mla":"Douglas, Pamela Heidi. “Female Sociality during the Daytime Birth of a Wild Bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” <i>Primates</i>, vol. 55, no. 4, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2014, pp. 533–42, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>.","apa":"Douglas, P. H. (2014). Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo. <i>Primates</i>, <i>55</i>(4), 533–542. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0</a>"},"page":"533-542","intvolume":"        55","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0032-8332","1610-7365"]},"extern":"1","article_type":"original","user_id":"72311","department":[{"_id":"40"}],"_id":"61027","status":"public","type":"journal_article"}]