---
_id: '46862'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The high flammability of components manufactured by laser sintering (LS) using
standard polyamide 12 (PA12) powder still severely restricts their use in industries
such as electronics, aviation, and transportation. A key factor for the further
establishment of LS is the expansion of the material portfolio with, for example,
refreshable and halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) powder materials. Accordingly,
various halogen-free FRs are investigated in this work and evaluated with respect
to their use in LS. First, their decomposition behavior and mode of action are
examined. Subsequently, the additives are dry blended with PA12 to investigate
properties relevant for LS, such as particle morphology, thermal behavior and
melt viscosity. Afterwards, test specimens for UL94 vertical flame-retardancy
tests are produced by processing the dry blends on an EOS P3 LS system. Finally,
the process stability of the process-aged powder blends is investigated by again
examining the thermal behavior and melt viscosity.
author:
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Neitzel, Fabian
id: '72307'
last_name: Neitzel
orcid: '0009-0004-8412-3645 '
- first_name: Ivo
full_name: Kletetzka, Ivo
id: '50769'
last_name: Kletetzka
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: 'Neitzel F, Kletetzka I, Schmid H-J. Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials
for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis. In: Beaman J,
ed. Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium. ; 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926'
apa: 'Neitzel, F., Kletetzka, I., & Schmid, H.-J. (2023). Halogen-Free Flame
Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability
Analysis. In J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Neitzel_Kletetzka_Schmid_2023, place={Laboratory for Freeform
Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin}, title={Halogen-Free Flame Retardant
Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis},
DOI={https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium}, author={Neitzel, Fabian and Kletetzka, Ivo and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
editor={Beaman, Joseph}, year={2023} }'
chicago: 'Neitzel, Fabian, Ivo Kletetzka, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Halogen-Free
Flame Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability
Analysis.” In Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, edited by Joseph Beaman. Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and
University of Texas, Austin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
ieee: 'F. Neitzel, I. Kletetzka, and H.-J. Schmid, “Halogen-Free Flame Retardant
Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis,”
in Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, Austin, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
mla: 'Neitzel, Fabian, et al. “Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials for
Laser Sintering: Evaluation and Process Stability Analysis.” Proceedings of
the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, edited
by Joseph Beaman, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926.'
short: 'F. Neitzel, I. Kletetzka, H.-J. Schmid, in: J. Beaman (Ed.), Proceedings
of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Laboratory
for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin, 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-08-16
location: Austin
name: 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
start_date: 2023-08-14
date_created: 2023-09-07T12:11:51Z
date_updated: 2024-04-02T12:43:51Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '9'
doi: https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/50926
editor:
- first_name: Joseph
full_name: Beaman, Joseph
last_name: Beaman
keyword:
- Additive Manufacturing
- Laser Sintering
- Flame Retardant
- Polyamide 12
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sffsymposium.org/
oa: '1'
place: Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication and University of Texas, Austin
publication: Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Powder Materials for Laser Sintering: Evaluation
and Process Stability Analysis'
type: conference
user_id: '72307'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '43046'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In the laser sintering technology, the semi-crystalline polymer material is
exposed to elevated temperatures during processing, which leads to serious material
ageing for most materials. This has already been investigated intensively by various
authors. However, the ageing of the material at ambient temperatures during shelf
life has not been the focus so far. The need to analyse the shelf life can be
derived from an ecological and economic point of view. This work is focusing on
the shelf life of PA2200 (PA12). To reduce the potential influences of powder
production fluctuations, two different powder batches stored for 5.5 years and
6.5 years are investigated and compared to a reference powder produced 0.5 years
before these investigations. Multiple powder analyses and part characterisations
have been performed. A significant yellowing and molecular chain length reduction
can be derived from the measurement results. Whereas the influence on mechanical
part performance was minor, the parts built with the stored powders are more yellowish.
As it is most likely that this is due to the consumption of polyamide stabilisers,
it can be assumed that these parts will be subject to significantly faster ageing.
Therefore, it is still not recommended to use the stored powders for critical
parts or light intense and humid environments.
author:
- first_name: Sven Helge
full_name: Klippstein, Sven Helge
id: '71545'
last_name: Klippstein
- first_name: Ivo
full_name: Kletetzka, Ivo
id: '50769'
last_name: Kletetzka
- first_name: Ilknur
full_name: Sural, Ilknur
last_name: Sural
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: Klippstein SH, Kletetzka I, Sural I, Schmid H-J. Influence of a prolonged shelf
time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties. The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . Published online 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
apa: Klippstein, S. H., Kletetzka, I., Sural, I., & Schmid, H.-J. (2023). Influence
of a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
bibtex: '@article{Klippstein_Kletetzka_Sural_Schmid_2023, title={Influence of a
prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties},
DOI={https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1},
journal={The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology }, publisher={Springer},
author={Klippstein, Sven Helge and Kletetzka, Ivo and Sural, Ilknur and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Klippstein, Sven Helge, Ivo Kletetzka, Ilknur Sural, and Hans-Joachim Schmid.
“Influence of a Prolonged Shelf Time on PA12 Laser Sintering Powder and Resulting
Part Properties.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.
ieee: 'S. H. Klippstein, I. Kletetzka, I. Sural, and H.-J. Schmid, “Influence of
a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting part properties,”
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology , 2023,
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.'
mla: Klippstein, Sven Helge, et al. “Influence of a Prolonged Shelf Time on PA12
Laser Sintering Powder and Resulting Part Properties.” The International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology , Springer, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1.
short: S.H. Klippstein, I. Kletetzka, I. Sural, H.-J. Schmid, The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2023).
date_created: 2023-03-18T14:28:46Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T11:57:59Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
- _id: '9'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
keyword:
- Selective laser sintering
- Shelf life
- Polyamide 12
- powder
- PA2200
- material ageing
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-023-11243-1
oa: '1'
publication: 'The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology '
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Influence of a prolonged shelf time on PA12 laser sintering powder and resulting
part properties
type: journal_article
user_id: '50769'
year: '2023'
...