[{"file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","_id":"24550","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","status":"public","type":"conference","conference":{"name":"38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","start_date":"2021-09-06","end_date":"2021-09-10"},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:22:03Z","author":[{"id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Bendfeld","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg","id":"16148"}],"page":"659 - 663","citation":{"mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 659–63, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021), 2021, pp. 659–663.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2021, title={Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2021}, pages={659–663} }","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2021). Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 659–663. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 659–663, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 659–63, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>. ; 2021:659-663. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-78-7"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","keyword":["AC-modules","Microinverter","Power Conditioning","Efficiency","Yield","PV module size","saturation","performance"],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market during 2014‒2021 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp (until 2020) and 360 Wp (starting 2021). Inverters \r\nwith two inputs have been fed by two of those modules. DC input, AC power output and energy yield of each micro\u0002inverter have been recorded by individual calibrated electricity meters. CEC and EU efficiency rankings have been \r\ncomputed and compared. To assess the influence of PV module size, two extremes have been investigated: A rather \r\nsmall module with 215 Wp - as it has been used 10 years ago, and a brand-new module (2021) offering 360 Wp. Both \r\ntypes of modules contain 60 solar cells in series connection. Appling the low-power modules, the challenge for the \r\ndifferent micro-inverters has been during weak-light conditions, using the high-power modules, some inverters \r\ntemporarily reach their power limits and yield is reduced. A method using a reference configuration of inverter & \r\nmodule and a linear equation y = ax + b resulting in the actual yield, any module & inverter configuration can be \r\ncharacterized by just the coefficients a and b."}],"file":[{"date_created":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","creator":"krauter","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","access_level":"closed","file_name":"Krauter Bendfeld - Module size Microinverters - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf","file_id":"29175","file_size":5413518,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)","title":"Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields","date_created":"2021-09-16T10:17:11Z","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1"},{"keyword":["AC-modules","Microinverter","Power Conditioning","Thermal Performance","Ventilation","Stability","Efficiency","Yield"],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":" During comparative measurements of different PV microinverters, two yield issues came up that could \r\nnot be explored via conventional efficiency measurements, but do have a significant impact on electrical energy \r\nyield: First category of issues are either sluggish or nervously acting maximum–power–point–tracking devices, which \r\nlead to reduced energy yields. The other category of issues is thermal: As a first explanation for observed reduced \r\nenergy yields, it has been assumed that the conversion efficiency degrades at higher operating temperatures. This \r\nmatter has been investigated in this article: A change in conversion efficiency could not be observed for elevated \r\noperation temperatures up to 50°C, despite high-precision and repeated measurements. But it was found that some \r\ninverters temporarily interrupted (or entirely stopped) operation after long periods of running at high temperatures. \r\nAlso, a reduction in potential maximum power output has been detected for those inverters. Summarizing: With a \r\nhigh degree of certainty it can be stated that those reported yield losses have been caused by the temporary shutdowns \r\nand power limitations of the inverters.","lang":"eng"}],"file":[{"relation":"main_file","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"29171","file_name":"Krauter Bendfeld - Microinverters at elevated temperatures EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","access_level":"closed","file_size":599660,"date_created":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z","creator":"krauter","date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 ","title":"Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters","date_created":"2020-08-27T06:26:25Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z","_id":"18387","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","status":"public","type":"conference","doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6","conference":{"end_date":"2020-09-11","location":"online","name":"EU PVSEC 2020, 37th EU Photovoltaik Solar Energy Conference","start_date":"2020-09-07"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:32:47Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter"},{"first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Bendfeld","id":"16148","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg"}],"page":"1179 - 1180","jel":["Q42"],"citation":{"chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” In <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 1179–80, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters,” in <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, online, 2020, pp. 1179–1180, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. In: <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>. ; 2020:1179-1180. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–1180.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 }, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1179–1180} }","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 2020, pp. 1179–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2020). Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 1179–1180. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["3-936338-73-6"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published"}]