---
_id: '46531'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Compulsory schooling reforms are often used to estimate monetary returns to
    education. Such reforms are unrelated to individual characteristics and preferences
    and thus arguably able to eliminate selection bias. However, as these reforms
    affect a large number of individuals in the relevant age groups, they might have
    spillover effects on individuals not directly affected by the reform. Such spillover
    effects constitute a problem for identification and estimation of returns to schooling.
    As they are difficult to address, they are mostly ignored in the empirical literature.
    I show that the introduction of the compulsory ninth grade in Germany led to a
    labor supply shock that might have increased wages and employment of individuals
    who were not directly subject to the reform and were assumed not to be affected
    in previous research. To investigate in this kinds of spillover effects, I exploit
    the staggered introduction of the compulsory ninth grade across German federal
    states in a difference-in-differences approach. Based on large scale register
    and survey data, I find no evidence for persistent spillover effects for men.
    For women, however, my results suggest that the labor supply shock resulting from
    the reform may have led to a persistent increase in employment and wages.
author:
- first_name: Valentin
  full_name: Schiele, Valentin
  id: '53779'
  last_name: Schiele
citation:
  ama: Schiele V. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling Reform
    in Germany</i>.; 2022.
  apa: Schiele, V. (2022). <i>Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling
    reform in Germany</i>.
  bibtex: '@book{Schiele_2022, title={Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory
    schooling reform in Germany}, author={Schiele, Valentin}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Schiele, Valentin. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling
    Reform in Germany</i>, 2022.
  ieee: V. Schiele, <i>Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform
    in Germany</i>. 2022.
  mla: Schiele, Valentin. <i>Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling
    Reform in Germany</i>. 2022.
  short: V. Schiele, Labor Market Spillover Effects of a Compulsory Schooling Reform
    in Germany, 2022.
date_created: 2023-08-16T09:45:46Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:57:42Z
department:
- _id: '281'
keyword:
- Compulsory schooling
- Education
- Spillover effects
- Cohort size
- Wages
- Employment
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform in Germany
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '5714'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Coalition loyalty programs are on the rise, yet few studies investigate the
    impact of service failures in such programs. Using data from a retail context,
    the authors show that a program partner deemed responsible for a service failure
    suffers negative customer responses. However, customers’ perceptions of the benefits
    of the coalition loyalty program buffer these consequences. Perhaps most importantly,
    when customers perceive the program's special treatment benefits as low, direct
    and indirect spillover effects occur, such that a service failure by one program
    partner has a negative effect on customer loyalty toward the program itself.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jan H
  full_name: Schumann, Jan H
  last_name: Schumann
- first_name: Nancy
  full_name: Wünderlich, Nancy
  id: '36392'
  last_name: Wünderlich
- first_name: Heiner
  full_name: Evanschitzky, Heiner
  last_name: Evanschitzky
citation:
  ama: 'Schumann JH, Wünderlich N, Evanschitzky H. Spillover Effects of Service Failures
    in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect of Special Treatment Benefits.
    <i>Journal of Retailing</i>. 2014;90(1):111-118.'
  apa: 'Schumann, J. H., Wünderlich, N., &#38; Evanschitzky, H. (2014). Spillover
    Effects of Service Failures in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect
    of Special Treatment Benefits. <i>Journal of Retailing</i>, <i>90</i>(1), 111–118.'
  bibtex: '@article{Schumann_Wünderlich_Evanschitzky_2014, title={Spillover Effects
    of Service Failures in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect of Special
    Treatment Benefits.}, volume={90}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Retailing},
    publisher={Elsevier}, author={Schumann, Jan H and Wünderlich, Nancy and Evanschitzky,
    Heiner}, year={2014}, pages={111–118} }'
  chicago: 'Schumann, Jan H, Nancy Wünderlich, and Heiner Evanschitzky. “Spillover
    Effects of Service Failures in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect
    of Special Treatment Benefits.” <i>Journal of Retailing</i> 90, no. 1 (2014):
    111–18.'
  ieee: 'J. H. Schumann, N. Wünderlich, and H. Evanschitzky, “Spillover Effects of
    Service Failures in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect of Special
    Treatment Benefits.,” <i>Journal of Retailing</i>, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 111–118,
    2014.'
  mla: 'Schumann, Jan H., et al. “Spillover Effects of Service Failures in Coalition
    Loyalty Programs: The Buffering Effect of Special Treatment Benefits.” <i>Journal
    of Retailing</i>, vol. 90, no. 1, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 111–18.'
  short: J.H. Schumann, N. Wünderlich, H. Evanschitzky, Journal of Retailing 90 (2014)
    111–118.
date_created: 2018-11-16T09:23:24Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:02:37Z
department:
- _id: '181'
intvolume: '        90'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Service failure
- Spillover effects
- Buffering effect
- Coalition loyalty program
language:
- iso: eng
page: 111-118
publication: Journal of Retailing
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
status: public
title: 'Spillover Effects of Service Failures in Coalition Loyalty Programs: The Buffering
  Effect of Special Treatment Benefits.'
type: journal_article
user_id: '37741'
volume: 90
year: '2014'
...