---
_id: '63830'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: " This study investigates the effect of dispersion gas (DG) flow on the formation
    and properties of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using standardized SpraySyn
    burners (SS1 and SS2). Several diagnostics were employed to characterize the spray
    and nanoparticles. \r\nIncreasing DG flow (6 - 12 slm) results in smaller droplet
    sizes (DS), cooler flame temperatures, shorter high-temperature droplet/particle
    residence times, and smaller agglomerates in the size range of 5 - 12 nm with
    narrower primary particle size distribution, corresponding to higher mass fractal
    dimensions, as supported by TEM and SMPS analysis, resulting in more compact agglomerates.
    BET and TEM confirmed decreasing primary particle sizes with increasing DG flow.
    Raman and XRD analyses predominantly identified maghemite, which shows a bimodal
    distribution of crystallite sizes, while SS1 samples have a greater proportion
    of larger crystallites.\r\nThe self-preserving size distributions of agglomerates
    with a geometric standard deviation of 1.5 are reached faster with increasing
    DG flow. The barrier effect of DG observed in SS1 leads to slower droplet combustion
    kinetics, higher temperatures, and delayed precursor release, which, along with
    downstream flow recirculation, result in significantly higher agglomeration rates
    outside the visible flame. SS2 demonstrates improved atomization, more stable
    flames, and finer, uniform nanoparticles with less carbonaceous residues (CR).
    Conversely, SS1 showed broader DS distributions and higher CR levels on the γ-Fe2O3
    surface, especially at higher DG flow.\r\nThis work highlights the essential role
    of DG flow and nozzle geometry in controlling droplet evaporation, flame stability,
    and nanoparticle growth, offering insights for optimizing SFS and validating numerical
    models.\r\n"
article_number: '121992'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Orlando
  full_name: Massopo, Orlando
  last_name: Massopo
- first_name: Ricardo
  full_name: Tischendorf, Ricardo
  last_name: Tischendorf
- first_name: Munko
  full_name: Gonchikzhapov, Munko
  last_name: Gonchikzhapov
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  last_name: Kasper
- first_name: Peter
  full_name: Augustin, Peter
  last_name: Augustin
- first_name: Burak
  full_name: Özer, Burak
  last_name: Özer
- first_name: Manuel
  full_name: Reddemann, Manuel
  last_name: Reddemann
- first_name: Reinhold
  full_name: Kneer, Reinhold
  last_name: Kneer
- first_name: Mohammed-Ali
  full_name: Sheikh, Mohammed-Ali
  last_name: Sheikh
- first_name: Aydan Akyildiz
  full_name: Mert, Aydan Akyildiz
  last_name: Mert
- first_name: Hartmut
  full_name: Wiggers, Hartmut
  last_name: Wiggers
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
  full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
  last_name: Schmid
citation:
  ama: Massopo O, Tischendorf R, Gonchikzhapov M, et al. Influence of dispersion gas
    flow on the spray characteristics and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles formation and properties
    in reference SpraySyn burners. <i>Powder Technology</i>. 2025;470. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>
  apa: Massopo, O., Tischendorf, R., Gonchikzhapov, M., Kasper, T., Augustin, P.,
    Özer, B., Reddemann, M., Kneer, R., Sheikh, M.-A., Mert, A. A., Wiggers, H., &#38;
    Schmid, H.-J. (2025). Influence of dispersion gas flow on the spray characteristics
    and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles formation and properties in reference SpraySyn burners.
    <i>Powder Technology</i>, <i>470</i>, Article 121992. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Massopo_Tischendorf_Gonchikzhapov_Kasper_Augustin_Özer_Reddemann_Kneer_Sheikh_Mert_et
    al._2025, title={Influence of dispersion gas flow on the spray characteristics
    and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles formation and properties in reference SpraySyn burners},
    volume={470}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>},
    number={121992}, journal={Powder Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Massopo,
    Orlando and Tischendorf, Ricardo and Gonchikzhapov, Munko and Kasper, Tina and
    Augustin, Peter and Özer, Burak and Reddemann, Manuel and Kneer, Reinhold and
    Sheikh, Mohammed-Ali and Mert, Aydan Akyildiz and et al.}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Massopo, Orlando, Ricardo Tischendorf, Munko Gonchikzhapov, Tina Kasper,
    Peter Augustin, Burak Özer, Manuel Reddemann, et al. “Influence of Dispersion
    Gas Flow on the Spray Characteristics and γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Formation and
    Properties in Reference SpraySyn Burners.” <i>Powder Technology</i> 470 (2025).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>.
  ieee: 'O. Massopo <i>et al.</i>, “Influence of dispersion gas flow on the spray
    characteristics and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles formation and properties in reference
    SpraySyn burners,” <i>Powder Technology</i>, vol. 470, Art. no. 121992, 2025,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>.'
  mla: Massopo, Orlando, et al. “Influence of Dispersion Gas Flow on the Spray Characteristics
    and γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Formation and Properties in Reference SpraySyn Burners.”
    <i>Powder Technology</i>, vol. 470, 121992, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992">10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992</a>.
  short: O. Massopo, R. Tischendorf, M. Gonchikzhapov, T. Kasper, P. Augustin, B.
    Özer, M. Reddemann, R. Kneer, M.-A. Sheikh, A.A. Mert, H. Wiggers, H.-J. Schmid,
    Powder Technology 470 (2025).
date_created: 2026-02-02T11:41:04Z
date_updated: 2026-02-25T07:45:44Z
doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121992
intvolume: '       470'
keyword:
- Spray flame synthesis
- iron oxide nanoparticle
- SpraySyn burner
- Dispersion gas
- Coaxial atomization
- HiaT-SMPS
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
publication: Powder Technology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0032-5910
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Influence of dispersion gas flow on the spray characteristics and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles
  formation and properties in reference SpraySyn burners
type: journal_article
user_id: '98419'
volume: 470
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '51136'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Iron oxide nanoparticles are very interesting for many applications in different
    industrial sectors. A promising\r\nprocess to manufacture these nanoparticles
    is flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). A lack of understanding of the\r\nindividual sub-processes
    in FSP makes it challenging to tailor nanoparticle properties. This work provides\r\ninsights
    into the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles in a turbulent spray flame using
    Large Eddy Simulations\r\n(LES), which are based on a comprehensive model, including
    customized submodels. Highlights are the\r\nadaption of a turbulent combustion
    model and a bivariate hybrid method of moments for modeling nanoparticle\r\ndynamics.
    The work focuses on the SpraySyn burner, which is a standardized laboratory burner
    and was\r\noperated with a precursor-solvent mixture of ethanol and iron(III)
    nitrate nonahydrate. For studying the\r\nrelevance of precursor chemistry, LES
    using an evaporation-limited precursor chemistry model is compared\r\nwith a model
    that includes detailed iron chemistry. A further novelty is the inclusion of adsorption
    in the\r\nsimulation, which defines a third model for comparison. Sufficient validation
    is achieved for the undoped LES\r\nusing experimental data from the literature.
    A strong impact of the detailed iron chemistry and adsorption\r\nis found on the
    precursor consumption and the aggregate and primary particle formation. Comparing
    the\r\nparticle diameters with experimental measurements from the literature and
    data generated for this work is\r\nfound unsuitable to asses the precursor chemistry
    model and revealed an urgent need for future experimental\r\nand numerical research.
    This work serves as a step forward in realizing a reliable model."
citation:
  ama: Fröde F, Grenga T, Pitsch H, et al., eds. <i>Large Eddy Simulation of Iron
    Oxide Formation in a Laboratory Spray Flame</i>. Elsevier; 2023. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191</a>
  apa: Large eddy simulation of iron oxide formation in a laboratory spray flame.
    (2023). In F. Fröde, T. Grenga, H. Pitsch, S. Dupont, R. Kneer, R. Tischendorf,
    O. Massopo, &#38; H.-J. Schmid (Eds.), <i>Applications in Energy and Combustion
    Science</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Fröde_Grenga_Pitsch_Dupont_Kneer_Tischendorf_Massopo_Schmid_2023,
    title={Large eddy simulation of iron oxide formation in a laboratory spray flame},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191</a>},
    journal={Applications in Energy and Combustion Science}, publisher={Elsevier},
    year={2023} }'
  chicago: Fröde, Fabian , Temistocle  Grenga, Heinz  Pitsch, Sophie Dupont, Reinhold
    Kneer, Ricardo Tischendorf, Orlando Massopo, and Hans-Joachim Schmid, eds. <i>Large
    Eddy Simulation of Iron Oxide Formation in a Laboratory Spray Flame</i>. <i>Applications
    in Energy and Combustion Science</i>. Elsevier, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191</a>.
  ieee: F. Fröde <i>et al.</i>, Eds., <i>Large eddy simulation of iron oxide formation
    in a laboratory spray flame</i>. Elsevier, 2023.
  mla: Fröde, Fabian, et al., editors. “Large Eddy Simulation of Iron Oxide Formation
    in a Laboratory Spray Flame.” <i>Applications in Energy and Combustion Science</i>,
    Elsevier, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191</a>.
  short: F. Fröde, T. Grenga, H. Pitsch, S. Dupont, R. Kneer, R. Tischendorf, O. Massopo,
    H.-J. Schmid, eds., Large Eddy Simulation of Iron Oxide Formation in a Laboratory
    Spray Flame, Elsevier, 2023.
date_created: 2024-02-05T12:17:35Z
date_updated: 2024-02-05T12:38:43Z
department:
- _id: '150'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100191
editor:
- first_name: 'Fabian '
  full_name: 'Fröde, Fabian '
  last_name: Fröde
- first_name: 'Temistocle '
  full_name: 'Grenga, Temistocle '
  last_name: Grenga
- first_name: 'Heinz '
  full_name: 'Pitsch, Heinz '
  last_name: Pitsch
- first_name: Sophie
  full_name: Dupont, Sophie
  last_name: Dupont
- first_name: Reinhold
  full_name: Kneer, Reinhold
  last_name: Kneer
- first_name: Ricardo
  full_name: Tischendorf, Ricardo
  id: '67002'
  last_name: Tischendorf
- first_name: Orlando
  full_name: Massopo, Orlando
  id: '98419'
  last_name: Massopo
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
  full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
  id: '464'
  last_name: Schmid
  orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Flame spray pyrolysis
- Iron oxide formation
- Large eddy simulation
- Method of moments
- SpraySyn
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000808
publication: Applications in Energy and Combustion Science
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
status: public
title: Large eddy simulation of iron oxide formation in a laboratory spray flame
type: journal_editor
user_id: '98419'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46637'
article_number: '100174'
author:
- first_name: Munko
  full_name: Gonchikzhapov, Munko
  id: '94996'
  last_name: Gonchikzhapov
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7773-047X
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
citation:
  ama: Gonchikzhapov M, Kasper T. Thermal and chemical structure of ethanol and 2-ethylhexanoic
    acid/ethanol SpraySyn flames. <i>Applications in Energy and Combustion Science</i>.
    2023;15. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>
  apa: Gonchikzhapov, M., &#38; Kasper, T. (2023). Thermal and chemical structure
    of ethanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid/ethanol SpraySyn flames. <i>Applications in
    Energy and Combustion Science</i>, <i>15</i>, Article 100174. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Gonchikzhapov_Kasper_2023, title={Thermal and chemical structure
    of ethanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid/ethanol SpraySyn flames}, volume={15}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>},
    number={100174}, journal={Applications in Energy and Combustion Science}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Gonchikzhapov, Munko and Kasper, Tina}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Gonchikzhapov, Munko, and Tina Kasper. “Thermal and Chemical Structure
    of Ethanol and 2-Ethylhexanoic Acid/Ethanol SpraySyn Flames.” <i>Applications
    in Energy and Combustion Science</i> 15 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Gonchikzhapov and T. Kasper, “Thermal and chemical structure of ethanol
    and 2-ethylhexanoic acid/ethanol SpraySyn flames,” <i>Applications in Energy and
    Combustion Science</i>, vol. 15, Art. no. 100174, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>.'
  mla: Gonchikzhapov, Munko, and Tina Kasper. “Thermal and Chemical Structure of Ethanol
    and 2-Ethylhexanoic Acid/Ethanol SpraySyn Flames.” <i>Applications in Energy and
    Combustion Science</i>, vol. 15, 100174, Elsevier BV, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174">10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174</a>.
  short: M. Gonchikzhapov, T. Kasper, Applications in Energy and Combustion Science
    15 (2023).
date_created: 2023-08-22T13:26:37Z
date_updated: 2023-08-24T08:55:26Z
department:
- _id: '43'
doi: 10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100174
intvolume: '        15'
keyword:
- Nanoparticle synthesis
- Flame spray pyrolysis
- SpraySyn burner
- Flame structure
- Species distribution
- Temperature distribution
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000638
oa: '1'
publication: Applications in Energy and Combustion Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2666-352X
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Thermal and chemical structure of ethanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid/ethanol
  SpraySyn flames
type: journal_article
user_id: '94996'
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '51142'
author:
- first_name: Orlando
  full_name: Massopo, Orlando
  id: '98419'
  last_name: Massopo
- first_name: Ricardo
  full_name: Tischendorf, Ricardo
  id: '67002'
  last_name: Tischendorf
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
  full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
  id: '464'
  last_name: Schmid
  orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
- first_name: Fabian
  full_name: Fröde, Fabian
  last_name: Fröde
- first_name: Heinz
  full_name: Pitsch, Heinz
  last_name: Pitsch
- first_name: Manuel
  full_name: Reddemann, Manuel
  last_name: Reddemann
- first_name: Temistocle
  full_name: Grenga, Temistocle
  last_name: Grenga
- first_name: Reinhold
  full_name: Kneer, Reinhold
  last_name: Kneer
citation:
  ama: 'Massopo O, Tischendorf R, Schmid H-J, et al. Einfluss der Zerstäubung auf
    diePartikelbildung bei der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag). In: Jahrestreffen der
    DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik;
    2023.'
  apa: Massopo, O., Tischendorf, R., Schmid, H.-J., Fröde, F., Pitsch, H., Reddemann,
    M., Grenga, T., &#38; Kneer, R. (2023). <i>Einfluss der Zerstäubung auf diePartikelbildung
    bei der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag)</i>. Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen
    Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik, Paderborn.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Massopo_Tischendorf_Schmid_Fröde_Pitsch_Reddemann_Grenga_Kneer_2023,
    place={Paderborn}, title={Einfluss der Zerstäubung auf diePartikelbildung bei
    der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag)}, publisher={Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen
    Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik}, author={Massopo,
    Orlando and Tischendorf, Ricardo and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Fröde, Fabian and
    Pitsch, Heinz and Reddemann, Manuel and Grenga, Temistocle and Kneer, Reinhold},
    year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Massopo, Orlando, Ricardo Tischendorf, Hans-Joachim Schmid, Fabian Fröde,
    Heinz Pitsch, Manuel Reddemann, Temistocle Grenga, and Reinhold Kneer. “Einfluss
    Der Zerstäubung Auf DiePartikelbildung Bei Der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag).”
    Paderborn: Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung,
    Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik, 2023.'
  ieee: O. Massopo <i>et al.</i>, “Einfluss der Zerstäubung auf diePartikelbildung
    bei der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag),” presented at the Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen
    Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik, Paderborn,
    2023.
  mla: Massopo, Orlando, et al. <i>Einfluss Der Zerstäubung Auf DiePartikelbildung
    Bei Der Sprayflammenpyrolyse (Vortrag)</i>. Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen
    Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik, 2023.
  short: 'O. Massopo, R. Tischendorf, H.-J. Schmid, F. Fröde, H. Pitsch, M. Reddemann,
    T. Grenga, R. Kneer, in: Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Aerosoltechnik,
    Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung und Partikelmesstechnik, Paderborn, 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-03-30
  location: Paderborn
  name: Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung
    und Partikelmesstechnik
  start_date: 2023-03-28
date_created: 2024-02-05T12:37:04Z
date_updated: 2025-09-18T11:16:36Z
department:
- _id: '150'
keyword:
- SpraySyn
- Flammenspraypyrolyse
- Maghemite Nanopartikel
- Gas to particle-Syntheseweg
- Probennahme
- Verunreinigung
language:
- iso: eng
place: Paderborn
publisher: Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Aerosoltechnik, Gasreinigung, Mehrphasenströmung
  und Partikelmesstechnik
status: public
title: Einfluss der Zerstäubung auf diePartikelbildung bei der Sprayflammenpyrolyse
  (Vortrag)
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '98419'
year: '2023'
...