---
_id: '33372'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '<jats:p>Academics may actively respond to the expectations of the academic
    status market, which have largely been shaped by the World University Rankings
    (WURs). This study empirically examines how academics’ citation patterns have
    changed in response to the rise of an “evaluation environment” in academia. We
    regard the WURs to be a macro-level trigger for cementing a bibliometric-based
    evaluation environment in academia. Our analyses of citation patterns in papers
    published in two higher education journals explicitly considered three distinct
    periods: the pre-WURs (1990–2003), the period of WURs implementation (2004–2010),
    and the period of adaption to WURs (2011–2017). We applied the nonparametric Kaplan–Meier
    method to compare first-citation speeds of papers published across the three periods.
    We found that not only has first-citation speed become faster, but first-citation
    probability has also increased following the emergence of the WURs. Applying Cox
    proportional hazard models to first-citation probabilities, we identified journal
    impact factors and third-party funding as factors influencing first-citation probability,
    while other author- and paper-related factors showed limited effects. We also
    found that the general effects of different factors on first-citation speeds have
    changed with the emergence of the WURs. The findings expand our understanding
    of the citation patterns of academics in the rise of WURs and provide practical
    grounds for research policy as well as higher education policy.</jats:p>'
article_number: '9515'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Soo Jeung
  full_name: Lee, Soo Jeung
  last_name: Lee
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Schneijderberg, Christian
  last_name: Schneijderberg
- first_name: Yangson
  full_name: Kim, Yangson
  last_name: Kim
- first_name: Isabel
  full_name: Steinhardt, Isabel
  id: '90339'
  last_name: Steinhardt
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-6189
citation:
  ama: Lee SJ, Schneijderberg C, Kim Y, Steinhardt I. Have Academics’ Citation Patterns
    Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation
    Speeds. <i>Sustainability</i>. 2021;13(17). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">10.3390/su13179515</a>
  apa: Lee, S. J., Schneijderberg, C., Kim, Y., &#38; Steinhardt, I. (2021). Have
    Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University
    Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>13</i>(17),
    Article 9515. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Lee_Schneijderberg_Kim_Steinhardt_2021, title={Have Academics’
    Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings?
    A Test Using First-Citation Speeds}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">10.3390/su13179515</a>},
    number={179515}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lee, Soo
    Jeung and Schneijderberg, Christian and Kim, Yangson and Steinhardt, Isabel},
    year={2021} }'
  chicago: Lee, Soo Jeung, Christian Schneijderberg, Yangson Kim, and Isabel Steinhardt.
    “Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University
    Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds.” <i>Sustainability</i> 13, no. 17
    (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515</a>.
  ieee: 'S. J. Lee, C. Schneijderberg, Y. Kim, and I. Steinhardt, “Have Academics’
    Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World University Rankings?
    A Test Using First-Citation Speeds,” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 13, no. 17, Art.
    no. 9515, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">10.3390/su13179515</a>.'
  mla: Lee, Soo Jeung, et al. “Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response
    to the Rise of World University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds.”
    <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 13, no. 17, 9515, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179515">10.3390/su13179515</a>.
  short: S.J. Lee, C. Schneijderberg, Y. Kim, I. Steinhardt, Sustainability 13 (2021).
date_created: 2022-09-15T08:27:56Z
date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:37:41Z
ddc:
- '300'
department:
- _id: '121'
doi: 10.3390/su13179515
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: isste
  date_created: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z
  date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z
  file_id: '33375'
  file_name: Lee et al. 2021 Academic Citations.pdf
  file_size: 2407463
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-09-15T08:36:50Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '17'
keyword:
- world university rankings
- citation
- first-citation speed
- Minerva
- Studies in Higher Education
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/17/9515
oa: '1'
publication: Sustainability
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2071-1050
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Have Academics’ Citation Patterns Changed in Response to the Rise of World
  University Rankings? A Test Using First-Citation Speeds
type: journal_article
user_id: '90339'
volume: 13
year: '2021'
...