@inproceedings{61310,
  abstract     = {{Service systems engineering relies on structured, top-down approaches to designing and
innovating service systems. In today’s dynamic environments—shaped by digital transformation,
evolving provider–user interactions, and shifting societal demands—these approaches face limitations in enabling continuous, context-sensitive innovation. Continuous Value Shaping emerges as a conceptual extension to service systems engineering, promoting more adaptive and co-evolutionary forms of service system development. This study examines how Continuous Value Shaping manifests through a multiple case study of three public sector projects. We identify distinct manifestations and constellations of the concept’s principles that complement classical
SSE practices. As the first empirical exploration of Continuous Value Shaping, the study refines its
conceptual foundation and enhances its accessibility for researchers and practitioners. We conclude with seven empirically derived propositions that inform future service systems engineering initiatives and demonstrate how Continuous Value Shaping supports the dynamic alignment of service systems with societal and systemic demands.}},
  author       = {{Schäfer, Jannika Marie and Rajko, Polina and Angelova, Daniela and Böhmann, Tilo}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of the 59th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2026)}},
  keywords     = {{Continuous Value Shaping, Service Systems Engineering, Service Science, Public Sector, Service Innovation}},
  location     = {{Maui, Maui, Hawaii, USA}},
  publisher    = {{Association for Information Systems (AIS), IEEE Computer Society Press, University of Hawaii (Manoa)}},
  title        = {{{From Engineering to Shaping: A Multiple Case Study on Advancing Service Systems Engineering through Continuous Value Shaping}}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@inproceedings{55308,
  abstract     = {{Established companies are undertaking major transformation initiatives of their corporate structures and organisational forms to cope with the complexity during the engineering of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). A frequently discussed issue is the measurability of this transformation progress. This paper conducts a systematic literature analysis of approaches regarding measurability of transformation and evaluates their application in the context of a systems engineering transformation. Measure-ment criteria are derived from the identified approaches, categorised, and finally evaluated by industry experts regarding their applicability. The categorised measurement criteria can be used to accurately measure the progress of a transformation process.}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt}},
  keywords     = {{Organizational Transformation, Systems Engineering, Meausrement, Metrics, Organizational Change}},
  location     = {{Ischia, Italy}},
  title        = {{{Measuring Systems Engineering Transformation: A systematic literature review}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.202}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@inproceedings{61057,
  abstract     = {{Verification and Validation (V&V) are essential processes in engineering Cyber-Physical Systems. However, the role of V&V engineers is often not given sufficient attention. Based on a systematic literature analysis and practical observations, a four-step method for Test-oriented Resilient Requirements Engineering (ToRRE) is developed. The steps are planning V&V, executing V&V activities, documenting V&V activities and analyzing results of V&V activities. Applying ToRRE ensures continuous information flow and traceability. Engineers are enabled to analyze requirements using engineering artifacts connected through Model-Based Systems Engineering. Adopting methods for Model-Based Effect Chain analysis to evaluated test cases and test scenarios, conclusions on requirements engineering and change management are enabled. The method is evaluated in an EU research project.}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Ebel, Marcel}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of the Design Society}},
  issn         = {{2732-527X}},
  keywords     = {{systems engineering (SE), product modelling/models, design methods, verification & validation, test cases & test scenarios}},
  location     = {{Dallas, Texas, USA}},
  pages        = {{3031--3040}},
  publisher    = {{Cambridge University Press (CUP)}},
  title        = {{{Test-oriented Resilient Requirements Engineering (ToRRE): extending model-based effect chain analysis to verification objectives}}},
  doi          = {{10.1017/pds.2025.10317}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{58236,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>In the engineering of complex technical systems, Systems Engineering (SE) is a key approach that is becoming increasingly relevant in more and more industries due to the ever-increasing complexity of systems. Over the decades of practical application and research, various specializations and forms of the Systems Engineering approach have developed, but there has so far been a lack of an overarching context and positioning in meaningful stages for the introduction of Systems Engineering in companies. For this reason, this research will systematize common Systems Engineering approaches and bring them together in a stage model for Systems Engineering. Based on a systematic literature review, use cases are identified for each approach and stage, which support companies in selecting an approach suitable for their own organization.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt}},
  issn         = {{2079-8954}},
  journal      = {{Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Systems Engineering Transformation, maturity, Systems Engineering stages, approaches, SE}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/systems13010053}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{61103,
  abstract     = {{Verification planning for engineering complex systems lacks a systematic procedure for creating test scenarios. Test scenarios can be generated by combining test cases, or by integrating test cases into pre-specified scenarios. Based on a systematic literature analysis a method is developed to simplify verification planning by creating new test scenarios and enriching existing ones. To assist the V&V engineer in planning test scenarios, a catalogue of combination premises is created to support the method. The method is evaluated in the development of a platform for emergency management. Evaluation proves that the method makes modelling of test scenarios more efficient.}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Ebel, Marcel and Pottebaum, Jens}},
  booktitle    = {{Procedia CIRP}},
  issn         = {{2212-8271}},
  keywords     = {{Systems Engineering, test scenario creation, verification, customer involvement}},
  location     = {{Patras, Greece}},
  pages        = {{213--218}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Method for systematic creation of test scenarios for early customer involvement}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.08.038}},
  volume       = {{136}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{62149,
  abstract     = {{The increasing complexity of technical systems requires early, structured verification and validation (V&V). Existing metadata models only map parts of the engineering process and do not enable a continuous chain of effects from requirements to test results. The aim of this publication is to develop a holistic V&V metadata model for the consistent, transparent and machine-processable description and linking of relevant engineering artifacts. In a five-stage research approach, essential model components are derived from literature and are integrated into a holistic model. Initial applications as part of a European research project show the potential of the model for a well-founded effect chain analysis and decision-supporting V&V processes.}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Ebel, Marcel}},
  booktitle    = {{DS 140: Proceedings of the 36th Symposium Design for X (DFX2025)}},
  keywords     = {{verification, metadata model, Systems Engineering}},
  location     = {{Hamburg}},
  publisher    = {{The Design Society}},
  title        = {{{Ganzheitliches Metadatenmodel für die Verifikation und Validierung in der Entwicklung komplexer technischer Systeme}}},
  doi          = {{10.35199/dfx2025.09}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{53212,
  author       = {{Mahmoodi, Ehsan and Fathi, Masood and Tavana, Madjid and Ghobakhloo, Morteza and Ng, Amos H.C.}},
  issn         = {{0278-6125}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Manufacturing Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Hardware and Architecture, Software, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  pages        = {{287--307}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Data-driven simulation-based decision support system for resource allocation in industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.11.019}},
  volume       = {{72}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{56166,
  abstract     = {{Developing Intelligent Technical Systems (ITS) involves a complex process encompassing planning, analysis, design, production, and maintenance. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a key methodology for systematic systems engineering. Designing models for ITS requires harmonious interaction of various elements, posing a challenge in MBSE. Leveraging Generative Artificial Intelligence, we generated a dataset for modeling, using prompt engineering on large language models. The generated artifacts can aid engineers in MBSE design or serve as synthetic training data for AI assistants.}},
  author       = {{Kulkarni, Pranav Jayant and Tissen, Denis and Bernijazov, Ruslan and Dumitrescu, Roman}},
  booktitle    = {{DS 130: Proceedings of NordDesign 2024}},
  editor       = {{Malmqvist, J. and Candi, M. and Saemundsson, R. and Bystrom, F. and Isaksson, O.}},
  keywords     = {{Data Driven Design, Design Automation, Systems Engineering (SE), Artificial Intelligence (AI)}},
  location     = {{Reykjavik}},
  pages        = {{617--625}},
  title        = {{{Towards Automated Design: Automatically Generating Modeling Elements with Prompt Engineering and Generative Artificial Intelligence}}},
  doi          = {{10.35199/NORDDESIGN2024.66}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{56108,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Engineering projects for complex technical systems such as automobiles demand extensive requirement specifications and corresponding hierarchy levels in system architectures. Especially when considering emergent phenomena, such as total weight or aerodynamics, a closely networked collaboration of discipline‐specific and cross‐disciplinary roles is required. Further, in large organizations with a group structure, resulting functional and non‐functional contents need to be managed by distinct Systems Engineering roles. For example, the role “property manager” takes care of achieving overarching product properties, such as weight or aerodynamics, which cannot be directly fixed, but result from many specifications. This paper proposes new Systems Engineering roles and their application in a German Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). For validation, the roles have already been applied in everyday engineering projects at the OEM. The concept proved to be indispensable and transferable to other Systems Engineering projects.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Pfeifer, Jan Niklas and Hintz, Florian and Meyrl, Nicolas}},
  booktitle    = {{INCOSE International Symposium}},
  issn         = {{2334-5837}},
  keywords     = {{Systems Engineering roles, properties, features, emergent phenomena, automotive}},
  location     = {{Dublin, Ireland}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{584--598}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Systems Engineering roles to handle emergent properties and behaviors in complex technical systems}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/iis2.13164}},
  volume       = {{34}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57300,
  abstract     = {{Engineering methodologies for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) call for planning simulations and physical testing in early phases of product creation. Even in Model-Based Systems Engineering, there is a lack of systematic support that results in avoidable costs and iterations in the engineering process. Planning test cases and test scenarios along the product engineering process is not sufficiently integrated in terms of support especially for verification and validation engineers. Based on a systematic literature review, concepts for model-based planning of testing are developed. Characteristics of test cases and test scenarios of CPS are systematically identified. Generic templates for the creation of test cases and scenarios are derived. Based on the templates, a System Modeling Language (SysML) profile extension is developed which enables intuitive modelling of test cases and scenarios. The SysML profile is evaluated in a sample System-of-Systems in Disaster Response. It subsumes various types of sensor systems like rescue robotics, data science algorithms and visualization technologies like Augmented Reality to support decisions in extreme weather events. The templates and SysML profile significantly add value for engineers in the early and systematic planning of verification and validation.}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Ebel, Marcel and Pottebaum, Jens}},
  booktitle    = {{2024 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE)}},
  keywords     = {{Systems Engineering, Systems verification, System testing}},
  location     = {{Perugia}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Model-based planning of test cases and test scenarios to support engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/isse63315.2024.10741135}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{47800,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>The introduction of Systems Engineering is an approach for dealing with the increasing complexity of products and their associated product development. Several introduction strategies are available in the literature; nevertheless, the introduction of Systems Engineering into practice still poses a great challenge to companies. Many companies have already gained experience in the introduction of Systems Engineering. Therefore, as part of the SE4OWL research project, the need to conduct a study including expert interviews and to collect the experiences of experts was identified. A total of 78 hypotheses were identified from 13 expert interviews concerning the lessons learned. Using exclusion criteria, 52 hypotheses were validated in a subsequent quantitative survey with 112 participants. Of these 52 hypotheses, 40 could be confirmed based on the survey results. Only four hypotheses were rejected, and eight could neither be confirmed nor rejected. Through this research, guidance is provided to companies to leverage best practices for the introduction of their own Systems Engineering and to avoid the poor practices of other companies.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wilke, Daria and Grothe, Robin and Bretz, Lukas and Anacker, Harald and Dumitrescu, Roman}},
  issn         = {{2079-8954}},
  journal      = {{Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Information Systems and Management, Computer Networks and Communications, Modeling and Simulation, Control and Systems Engineering, Software}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Lessons Learned from the Introduction of Systems Engineering}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/systems11030119}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{48059,
  author       = {{Winkel, Fabian and Wallscheid, Oliver and Scholz, Peter and Böcker, Joachim}},
  issn         = {{2644-1284}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society}},
  keywords     = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  pages        = {{1--14}},
  publisher    = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}},
  title        = {{{Pseudo-Labeling Machine Learning Algorithm for Predictive Maintenance of Relays}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/ojies.2023.3323870}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{53229,
  author       = {{Santos-Arteaga, Francisco J. and Di Caprio, Debora and Tavana, Madjid and Tena, Emilio Cerda}},
  issn         = {{1063-6706}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Applied Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{460--474}},
  publisher    = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}},
  title        = {{{A Credibility and Strategic Behavior Approach in Hesitant Multiple Criteria Decision-Making With Application to Sustainable Transportation}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/tfuzz.2022.3188875}},
  volume       = {{31}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{53228,
  author       = {{Tirkolaee, Erfan Babaee and Torkayesh, Ali Ebadi and Tavana, Madjid and Goli, Alireza and Simic, Vladimir and Ding, Weiping}},
  issn         = {{0952-1976}},
  journal      = {{Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence}},
  keywords     = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{An integrated decision support framework for resilient vaccine supply chain network design}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106945}},
  volume       = {{126}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{53543,
  author       = {{Winkel, Fabian and Scholz, Peter and Wallscheid, Oliver and Böcker, Joachim}},
  issn         = {{1545-5955}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering}},
  keywords     = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  pages        = {{1--11}},
  publisher    = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}},
  title        = {{{Reducing Contact Bouncing of a Relay by Optimizing the Switch Signal During Run-Time}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/tase.2023.3322762}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{44382,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>The success of engineering complex technical systems is determined by meeting customer requirements and institutional regulations. One example relevant to the automobile industry is the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UN ECE), which specifies the homologation of automobile series and requires proof of traceability. The required traceability can be achieved by modeling system artifacts and their relations in a consistent, seamless model—an effect-chain model. Currently, no in-depth methodology exists to support engineers in developing certification-compliant effect-chain models. For this purpose, a new methodology for certification-compliant effect-chain modeling was developed, which includes extensions of an existing method, suitable models, and tools to support engineers in the modeling process. For evaluation purposes, applicability is proven based on the experience of more than 300 workshops at an automotive OEM and an automotive supplier. The following case example is chosen to demonstrate applicability: the development of a window lifter that has to meet the demands of UN ECE Regulations R156 and R21. Results indicate multiple benefits in supporting engineers with the certification-compliant modeling of effect chains. Three benefits are goal-oriented modeling to reduce the necessary modeling capacity, increasing model quality by applying information quality criteria, and the potential to reduce costs through automatable effect-chain analyses for technical changes. Further, companies in the automotive and other industries will benefit from increased modeling capabilities that can be used for architecture modeling and to comply with other regulations such as ASPICE or ISO 26262.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gräßler, Iris and Wiechel, Dominik and Koch, Anna-Sophie and Sturm, Tim and Markfelder, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{2079-8954}},
  journal      = {{Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Information Systems and Management, Computer Networks and Communications, Modeling and Simulation, Control and Systems Engineering, Software}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Methodology for Certification-Compliant Effect-Chain Modeling}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/systems11030154}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{44312,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Zusammenfassung</jats:title>
               <jats:p>Aufgrund aktueller Transformationsprozesse kommt der automatisierten und ressourceneffizienten Fertigung hochfester Leichtbauteile eine steigende Bedeutung zu, beispielsweise im Flugzeug- und Fahrzeugbau. Für kleine Losgrößen bietet sich hier insbesondere das Fertigungsverfahren des Drückwalzens an. Der konventionelle, industriell genutzte Drückwalzprozess stößt allerdings aufgrund der Prozesskomplexität hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit an seine Grenzen. Dies wird in der Praxis teilweise durch personengebundenes Erfahrungswissen kompensiert. Auch ist es nicht möglich, Bauteileigenschaften definiert einzustellen. Aus diesem Grund bietet der Einsatz einer neuartigen Eigenschaftsregelung Chancen zur Weiterentwicklung des Fertigungsprozesses und die Möglichkeit zur Prozessautomatisierung. Hier werden die Werkzeugbahnen abhängig einer Online-Eigenschaftsmessung über eine zusätzliche Reglerkaskade manipuliert. Die Entwicklung einer solchen Eigenschaftsregelung erfordert den Einsatz geeigneter, modellbasierter Entwurfsmethoden. In diesem Beitrag wird daher ein regelungstechnisches Systemmodell für das Drückwalzen metastabiler austenitischer Edelstähle vorgestellt. Das Simulationsmodell weist aufgrund seiner Echtzeitfähigkeit neben dem Einsatz als reines Entwurfsmodell weitere Nutzungsmöglichkeiten z.B. in Beobachtern auf und grenzt sich somit von domänenspezifischen Simulationstools wie der FEM ab.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Kersting, Lukas and Arian, Bahman and Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Trächtler, Ansgar and Homberg, Werner and Walther, Frank}},
  issn         = {{0178-2312}},
  journal      = {{at - Automatisierungstechnik}},
  keywords     = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Science Applications, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{68--81}},
  publisher    = {{Walter de Gruyter GmbH}},
  title        = {{{Echtzeitfähige Modellierung eines innovativen Drückwalzprozesses für die eigenschaftsgeregelte Bauteilfertigung}}},
  doi          = {{10.1515/auto-2022-0106}},
  volume       = {{71}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{46500,
  abstract     = {{The security of Industrial Control Systems is relevant both for reliable production system operations and for high-quality throughput in terms of manufactured products. Security measures are designed, operated and maintained by different roles along product and production system lifecycles. Defense-in-Depth as a paradigm builds upon the assumption that breaches are unavoidable. The paper at hand provides an analysis of roles, corresponding Human Factors and their relevance for data theft and sabotage attacks. The resulting taxonomy is reflected by an example related to Additive Manufacturing. The results assist in both designing and redesigning Industrial Control System as part of an entire production system so that Defense-in-Depth with regard to Human Factors is built in by design.}},
  author       = {{Pottebaum, Jens and Rossel, Jost and Somorovsky, Juraj and Acar, Yasemin and Fahr, René and Arias Cabarcos, Patricia and Bodden, Eric and Gräßler, Iris}},
  booktitle    = {{2023 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)}},
  keywords     = {{Defense-in-Depth, Human Factors, Production Engineering, Product Design, Systems Engineering}},
  location     = {{Delft, Netherlands}},
  pages        = {{379--385}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Re-Envisioning Industrial Control Systems Security by Considering Human Factors as a Core Element of Defense-in-Depth}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/eurospw59978.2023.00048}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{34414,
  abstract     = {{Given a steadily increasing demand on multi-material lightweight designs, fast and cost-efficient production technologies, such as the mechanical joining process clinching, are becoming more and more relevant for series production. Since the application of such joining techniques often base on the ability to reach similar or even better joint loading capacities compared to established joining processes (e.g., spot welding), few contributions investigated the systematic improvement of clinch joint characteristics. In this regard, the use of data-driven methods in combination with optimization algorithms showed already high potentials for the analysis of individual joints and the definition of optimal tool configurations. However, the often missing consideration of uncertainties, such as varying material properties, and the related calculation of their impact on clinch joint properties can lead to poor estimation results and thus to a decreased reliability of the entire joint connection. This can cause major challenges, especially for the design and dimensioning of safety-relevant components, such as in car bodies. Motivated by this, the presented contribution introduces a novel method for the robust estimation of clinch joint characteristics including uncertainties of varying and versatile process chains in mechanical joining. Therefore, the utilization of Gaussian process regression models is demonstrated and evaluated regarding the ability to achieve sufficient prediction qualities.}},
  author       = {{Zirngibl, Christoph and Schleich, Benjamin and Wartzack, Sandro}},
  issn         = {{0268-3768}},
  journal      = {{The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Computer Science Applications, Mechanical Engineering, Software, Control and Systems Engineering}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Robust estimation of clinch joint characteristics based on data-driven methods}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00170-022-10441-7}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34046,
  author       = {{Hoffmann, Christin and Thommes, Kirsten}},
  issn         = {{2168-2291}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems}},
  keywords     = {{Artificial Intelligence, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer Science Applications, Human-Computer Interaction, Signal Processing, Control and Systems Engineering, Human Factors and Ergonomics}},
  pages        = {{1--11}},
  publisher    = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}},
  title        = {{{Seizing the Opportunity for Automation—How Traffic Density Determines Truck Drivers' Use of Cruise Control}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/thms.2022.3212335}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}