---
_id: '58236'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>In the engineering of complex technical systems, Systems Engineering
    (SE) is a key approach that is becoming increasingly relevant in more and more
    industries due to the ever-increasing complexity of systems. Over the decades
    of practical application and research, various specializations and forms of the
    Systems Engineering approach have developed, but there has so far been a lack
    of an overarching context and positioning in meaningful stages for the introduction
    of Systems Engineering in companies. For this reason, this research will systematize
    common Systems Engineering approaches and bring them together in a stage model
    for Systems Engineering. Based on a systematic literature review, use cases are
    identified for each approach and stage, which support companies in selecting an
    approach suitable for their own organization.</jats:p>
article_number: '53'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Iris
  full_name: Gräßler, Iris
  id: '47565'
  last_name: Gräßler
  orcid: 0000-0001-5765-971X
- first_name: Benedikt
  full_name: Grewe, Benedikt
  id: '52359'
  last_name: Grewe
citation:
  ama: 'Gräßler I, Grewe B. Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization
    of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>. 2025;13(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>'
  apa: 'Gräßler, I., &#38; Grewe, B. (2025). Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches. <i>Systems</i>, <i>13</i>(1),
    Article 53. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Gräßler_Grewe_2025, title={Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches}, volume={13}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>}, number={153},
    journal={Systems}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gräßler, Iris and Grewe, Benedikt},
    year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An
    Analysis and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i>
    13, no. 1 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  ieee: 'I. Gräßler and B. Grewe, “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and
    Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches,” <i>Systems</i>, vol. 13,
    no. 1, Art. no. 53, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  mla: 'Gräßler, Iris, and Benedikt Grewe. “Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis
    and Characterization of Systems Engineering Approaches.” <i>Systems</i>, vol.
    13, no. 1, 53, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010053">10.3390/systems13010053</a>.'
  short: I. Gräßler, B. Grewe, Systems 13 (2025).
date_created: 2025-01-17T09:17:15Z
date_updated: 2025-11-11T06:11:22Z
department:
- _id: '152'
doi: 10.3390/systems13010053
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Systems Engineering Transformation
- maturity
- Systems Engineering stages
- approaches
- SE
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/1/53
publication: Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-8954
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Stages of Systems Engineering: An Analysis and Characterization of Systems
  Engineering Approaches'
type: journal_article
user_id: '52359'
volume: 13
year: '2025'
...