---
_id: '65270'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), electron transport layers (ETLs) play an
    important role in the selection and transport of electrons. Understanding the
    properties of these layers in relation to device performance is essential for
    optimizing solar cell efficiency and enabling their integration into emerging
    architectures, such as flexible solar cells. Here, we deposited TiO2 at different
    thicknesses using atomic layer deposition (ALD), a technique well-suited for producing
    uniform and pinhole-free films. The crystal structure of the layers was controlled
    by depositing the films at three different temperatures: 150 °C, 250 °C, and 350
    °C. The layers were characterized in detail to determine the morphology (by atomic
    force microscopy), surface composition (by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and
    the crystal structure (by X-ray diffraction). The TiO2 layers were then incorporated
    as ETLs in planar perovskite solar cells to evaluate their influence on device
    performance. Higher deposition temperatures led to improvements in device fill
    factor and open-circuit voltage, leading to more efficient solar cells. Notably,
    the best device performance for the ALD-TiO2 layers was achieved with films deposited
    at 250 °C.'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Syeda
  full_name: Qudsia, Syeda
  last_name: Qudsia
- first_name: Alexander
  full_name: Weiss, Alexander
  last_name: Weiss
- first_name: Saara
  full_name: Sirkiä, Saara
  last_name: Sirkiä
- first_name: Fuzeng
  full_name: Wang, Fuzeng
  last_name: Wang
- first_name: Emil
  full_name: Rosqvist, Emil
  last_name: Rosqvist
- first_name: Teresa De
  full_name: Los Arcos, Teresa De
  last_name: Los Arcos
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Weinberger, Christian
  id: '11848'
  last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: Janne
  full_name: Halme, Janne
  last_name: Halme
- first_name: Marianna
  full_name: Kemell, Marianna
  last_name: Kemell
- first_name: Jan-Henrik
  full_name: Smått, Jan-Henrik
  last_name: Smått
citation:
  ama: Qudsia S, Weiss A, Sirkiä S, et al. Influence of deposition temperature and
    thickness of ALD-TiO2 on planar perovskite solar cell performance. <i>Applied
    Surface Science</i>. Published online 2026:166755. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>
  apa: Qudsia, S., Weiss, A., Sirkiä, S., Wang, F., Rosqvist, E., Los Arcos, T. D.,
    Weinberger, C., Halme, J., Kemell, M., &#38; Smått, J.-H. (2026). Influence of
    deposition temperature and thickness of ALD-TiO2 on planar perovskite solar cell
    performance. <i>Applied Surface Science</i>, 166755. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Qudsia_Weiss_Sirkiä_Wang_Rosqvist_Los Arcos_Weinberger_Halme_Kemell_Smått_2026,
    title={Influence of deposition temperature and thickness of ALD-TiO2 on planar
    perovskite solar cell performance}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>},
    journal={Applied Surface Science}, author={Qudsia, Syeda and Weiss, Alexander
    and Sirkiä, Saara and Wang, Fuzeng and Rosqvist, Emil and Los Arcos, Teresa De
    and Weinberger, Christian and Halme, Janne and Kemell, Marianna and Smått, Jan-Henrik},
    year={2026}, pages={166755} }'
  chicago: Qudsia, Syeda, Alexander Weiss, Saara Sirkiä, Fuzeng Wang, Emil Rosqvist,
    Teresa De Los Arcos, Christian Weinberger, Janne Halme, Marianna Kemell, and Jan-Henrik
    Smått. “Influence of Deposition Temperature and Thickness of ALD-TiO2 on Planar
    Perovskite Solar Cell Performance.” <i>Applied Surface Science</i>, 2026, 166755.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>.
  ieee: 'S. Qudsia <i>et al.</i>, “Influence of deposition temperature and thickness
    of ALD-TiO2 on planar perovskite solar cell performance,” <i>Applied Surface Science</i>,
    p. 166755, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>.'
  mla: Qudsia, Syeda, et al. “Influence of Deposition Temperature and Thickness of
    ALD-TiO2 on Planar Perovskite Solar Cell Performance.” <i>Applied Surface Science</i>,
    2026, p. 166755, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755</a>.
  short: S. Qudsia, A. Weiss, S. Sirkiä, F. Wang, E. Rosqvist, T.D. Los Arcos, C.
    Weinberger, J. Halme, M. Kemell, J.-H. Smått, Applied Surface Science (2026) 166755.
date_created: 2026-04-01T08:39:55Z
date_updated: 2026-04-07T13:37:22Z
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166755
keyword:
- Titanium dioxide
- Atomic layer deposition
- Electron transport layer
- Perovskite solar cells
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433226009591?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
page: '166755'
publication: Applied Surface Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0169-4332
status: public
title: Influence of deposition temperature and thickness of ALD-TiO2 on planar perovskite
  solar cell performance
type: journal_article
user_id: '11848'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '63072'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Titanium alloys are widely employed for biomedical implants due to
    their high strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance, yet their lack
    of intrinsic antibacterial activity remains a major limitation. Incorporating
    copper, an antibacterial and β-stabilising element, offers a promising strategy
    to enhance implant performance. This study investigates Ti-6Al-7Nb modified with
    1–9 wt.% Cu via in situ alloying during metal-based laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M),
    with the aim of assessing processability, microstructural evolution, and mechanical
    properties. Highly dense samples (&gt;99.9%) were produced across all Cu levels,
    though chemical homogeneity strongly depended on processing parameters. Increasing
    Cu content promoted β-phase stabilisation, Ti2Cu precipitation, and pronounced
    grain refinement. Hardness and yield strength increased nearly linearly with Cu
    addition, while ductility decreased sharply at ≥5 wt.% Cu due to intermetallic
    formation, hot cracking, and brittle fracture. These results illustrate both the
    opportunities and constraints of rapid alloy screening via PBF-LB/M. Overall,
    moderate Cu additions of 1–3 wt.% provide the most favourable balance between
    mechanical performance, manufacturability, and potential antibacterial functionality.
    These findings provide a clear guideline for the design of Cu-functionalised titanium
    implants and demonstrate the efficiency of in situ alloy screening for accelerated
    materials development.</jats:p>
article_number: '1053'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Paul
  full_name: Steinmeier, Paul
  last_name: Steinmeier
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Nelson Filipe
  full_name: Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe
  last_name: Lopes Dias
- first_name: Reiner
  full_name: Zielke, Reiner
  last_name: Zielke
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Tillmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Tillmann
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Steinmeier P, Hoyer K-P, Lopes Dias NF, Zielke R, Tillmann W, Schaper M. In
    Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Crystals</i>.
    2025;15(12). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">10.3390/cryst15121053</a>
  apa: Steinmeier, P., Hoyer, K.-P., Lopes Dias, N. F., Zielke, R., Tillmann, W.,
    &#38; Schaper, M. (2025). In Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using Laser
    Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Crystals</i>, <i>15</i>(12), Article 1053. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Steinmeier_Hoyer_Lopes Dias_Zielke_Tillmann_Schaper_2025, title={In
    Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion}, volume={15},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">10.3390/cryst15121053</a>},
    number={121053}, journal={Crystals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Steinmeier,
    Paul and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe and Zielke, Reiner and
    Tillmann, Wolfgang and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Steinmeier, Paul, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Reiner Zielke,
    Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko Schaper. “In Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper
    Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Crystals</i> 15, no. 12 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053</a>.
  ieee: 'P. Steinmeier, K.-P. Hoyer, N. F. Lopes Dias, R. Zielke, W. Tillmann, and
    M. Schaper, “In Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using Laser Powder Bed
    Fusion,” <i>Crystals</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 1053, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">10.3390/cryst15121053</a>.'
  mla: Steinmeier, Paul, et al. “In Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using
    Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Crystals</i>, vol. 15, no. 12, 1053, MDPI AG, 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053">10.3390/cryst15121053</a>.
  short: P. Steinmeier, K.-P. Hoyer, N.F. Lopes Dias, R. Zielke, W. Tillmann, M. Schaper,
    Crystals 15 (2025).
date_created: 2025-12-12T13:11:59Z
date_updated: 2025-12-12T14:02:13Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '158'
- _id: '321'
doi: 10.3390/cryst15121053
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: paulstei
  date_created: 2025-12-12T13:12:33Z
  date_updated: 2025-12-12T13:12:33Z
  file_id: '63073'
  file_name: crystals-15-01053.pdf
  file_size: 20716652
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-12T13:12:33Z
funded_apc: '1'
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '12'
keyword:
- Biomaterial
- In Situ Alloying
- Titanium
- Additive Manufacturing
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121053
oa: '1'
publication: Crystals
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2073-4352
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: In Situ Alloying of Ti-6Al-7Nb with Copper Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion
type: journal_article
user_id: '69776'
volume: 15
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '29196'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In biomedical engineering, laser powder bed fusion is an advanced manufacturing
    technology, which enables, for example, the production of patient-customized implants
    with complex geometries. Ti-6Al-7Nb shows promising improvements, especially regarding
    biocompatibility, compared with other titanium alloys. The biocompatible features
    are investigated employing cytocompatibility and antibacterial examinations on
    Al2O3-blasted and untreated surfaces. The mechanical properties of additively
    manufactured Ti-6Al-7Nb are evaluated in as-built and heat-treated conditions.
    Recrystallization annealing (925 °C for 4 h), β annealing (1050 °C for 2 h), as
    well as stress relieving (600 °C for 4 h) are applied. For microstructural investigation,
    scanning and transmission electron microscopy are performed. The different microstructures
    and the mechanical properties are compared. Mechanical behavior is determined
    based on quasi-static tensile tests and strain-controlled low cycle fatigue tests
    with total strain amplitudes εA of 0.35%, 0.5%, and 0.8%. The as-built and stress-relieved
    conditions meet the mechanical demands for the tensile properties of the international
    standard ISO 5832-11. Based on the Coffin–Manson–Basquin relation, fatigue strength
    and ductility coefficients, as well as exponents, are determined to examine fatigue
    life for the different conditions. The stress-relieved condition exhibits, overall,
    the best properties regarding monotonic tensile and cyclic fatigue behavior.</jats:p>
article_number: '122'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maxwell
  full_name: Hein, Maxwell
  id: '52771'
  last_name: Hein
  orcid: 0000-0002-3732-2236
- first_name: David
  full_name: Kokalj, David
  last_name: Kokalj
- first_name: Nelson Filipe
  full_name: Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe
  last_name: Lopes Dias
- first_name: Dominic
  full_name: Stangier, Dominic
  last_name: Stangier
- first_name: Hilke
  full_name: Oltmanns, Hilke
  last_name: Oltmanns
- first_name: Sudipta
  full_name: Pramanik, Sudipta
  last_name: Pramanik
- first_name: Manfred
  full_name: Kietzmann, Manfred
  last_name: Kietzmann
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Jessica
  full_name: Meißner, Jessica
  last_name: Meißner
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Tillmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Tillmann
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Hein M, Kokalj D, Lopes Dias NF, et al. Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively
    Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications. <i>Metals</i>.
    2022;12(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">10.3390/met12010122</a>
  apa: Hein, M., Kokalj, D., Lopes Dias, N. F., Stangier, D., Oltmanns, H., Pramanik,
    S., Kietzmann, M., Hoyer, K.-P., Meißner, J., Tillmann, W., &#38; Schaper, M.
    (2022). Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated
    Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications. <i>Metals</i>, <i>12</i>(1), Article
    122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Hein_Kokalj_Lopes Dias_Stangier_Oltmanns_Pramanik_Kietzmann_Hoyer_Meißner_Tillmann_et
    al._2022, title={Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated
    Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications}, volume={12}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">10.3390/met12010122</a>},
    number={1122}, journal={Metals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hein, Maxwell and
    Kokalj, David and Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe and Stangier, Dominic and Oltmanns,
    Hilke and Pramanik, Sudipta and Kietzmann, Manfred and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Meißner,
    Jessica and Tillmann, Wolfgang and et al.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Hein, Maxwell, David Kokalj, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Dominic Stangier,
    Hilke Oltmanns, Sudipta Pramanik, Manfred Kietzmann, et al. “Low Cycle Fatigue
    Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical
    Applications.” <i>Metals</i> 12, no. 1 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Hein <i>et al.</i>, “Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed
    and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications,” <i>Metals</i>,
    vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 122, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">10.3390/met12010122</a>.'
  mla: Hein, Maxwell, et al. “Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed
    and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications.” <i>Metals</i>,
    vol. 12, no. 1, 122, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010122">10.3390/met12010122</a>.
  short: M. Hein, D. Kokalj, N.F. Lopes Dias, D. Stangier, H. Oltmanns, S. Pramanik,
    M. Kietzmann, K.-P. Hoyer, J. Meißner, W. Tillmann, M. Schaper, Metals 12 (2022).
date_created: 2022-01-10T08:25:58Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T16:42:19Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.3390/met12010122
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: maxhein
  date_created: 2022-01-10T08:27:11Z
  date_updated: 2022-01-10T08:27:11Z
  file_id: '29197'
  file_name: Hein et al - 2022 - Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed
    and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications.pdf
  file_size: 6222748
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-10T08:27:11Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        12'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- General Materials Science
- Metals and Alloys
- laser powder bed fusion
- Ti-6Al-7Nb
- titanium alloy
- biomedical engineering
- low cycle fatigue
- microstructure
- nanostructure
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/1/122
oa: '1'
publication: Metals
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2075-4701
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb
  Alloy for Biomedical Applications
type: journal_article
user_id: '43720'
volume: 12
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '28017'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Processing aluminum alloys employing powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M)
    is becoming more attractive for the industry, especially if lightweight applications
    are needed. Unfortunately, high-strength aluminum alloys such as AA7075 are prone
    to hot cracking during PBF-LB/M, as well as welding. Both a large solidification
    range promoted by the alloying elements zinc and copper and a high thermal gradient
    accompanied with the manufacturing process conditions lead to or favor hot cracking.
    In the present study, a simple method for modifying the powder surface with titanium
    carbide nanoparticles (NPs) as a nucleating agent is aimed. The effect on the
    microstructure with different amounts of the nucleating agent is shown. For the
    aluminum alloy 7075 with 2.5 ma% titanium carbide nanoparticles, manufactured
    via PBF-LB/M, crack-free samples with a refined microstructure having no discernible
    melt pool boundaries and columnar grains are observed. After using a two-step
    ageing heat treatment, ultimate tensile strengths up to 465 MPa and an 8.9% elongation
    at break are achieved. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that not all nanoparticles
    used remain in the melt pool during PBF-LB/M.
author:
- first_name: Steffen
  full_name: Heiland, Steffen
  id: '77250'
  last_name: Heiland
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Milkereit, Benjamin
  last_name: Milkereit
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Evgeny
  full_name: Zhuravlev, Evgeny
  last_name: Zhuravlev
- first_name: Olaf
  full_name: Keßler, Olaf
  last_name: Keßler
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Heiland S, Milkereit B, Hoyer K-P, Zhuravlev E, Keßler O, Schaper M. Requirements
    for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free
    and Dense Parts. <i>Materials</i>. Published online 2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>
  apa: Heiland, S., Milkereit, B., Hoyer, K.-P., Zhuravlev, E., Keßler, O., &#38;
    Schaper, M. (2021). Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys
    with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts. <i>Materials</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Heiland_Milkereit_Hoyer_Zhuravlev_Keßler_Schaper_2021, title={Requirements
    for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free
    and Dense Parts}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>},
    journal={Materials}, author={Heiland, Steffen and Milkereit, Benjamin and Hoyer,
    Kay-Peter and Zhuravlev, Evgeny and Keßler, Olaf and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2021}
    }'
  chicago: Heiland, Steffen, Benjamin Milkereit, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Evgeny Zhuravlev,
    Olaf Keßler, and Mirko Schaper. “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu
    Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts.” <i>Materials</i>,
    2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>.
  ieee: 'S. Heiland, B. Milkereit, K.-P. Hoyer, E. Zhuravlev, O. Keßler, and M. Schaper,
    “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve
    Crack-Free and Dense Parts,” <i>Materials</i>, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>.'
  mla: Heiland, Steffen, et al. “Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu
    Alloys with PBF-LB/M to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts.” <i>Materials</i>,
    2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190</a>.
  short: S. Heiland, B. Milkereit, K.-P. Hoyer, E. Zhuravlev, O. Keßler, M. Schaper,
    Materials (2021).
date_created: 2021-11-29T08:23:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:50Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
- _id: '219'
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237190
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: heilands
  date_created: 2021-11-29T08:19:19Z
  date_updated: 2021-11-29T08:19:19Z
  file_id: '28018'
  file_name: 2021_Heiland_MDPI Materials_Requirements for Processing High-Strength
    AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LBM to Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts_print.pdf
  file_size: 2202343
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2021-11-29T08:19:19Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- grain refinement
- crack reduction
- laser beam melting
- aluminum alloy
- titanium carbide
- nanoparticle
- PBF-LB/M
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/23/7190/htm
publication: Materials
status: public
title: Requirements for Processing High-Strength AlZnMgCu Alloys with PBF-LB/M to
  Achieve Crack-Free and Dense Parts
type: journal_article
user_id: '77250'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '24086'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Laser beam melting (LBM) is an advanced manufacturing technology providing\r\nspecial
    features and the possibility to produce complex and individual parts directly\r\nfrom
    a CAD model. TiAl6V4 is the most common used titanium alloy particularly\r\nin
    biomedical applications. TiAl6Nb7 shows promising improvements especially\r\nregarding
    biocompatible properties due to the substitution of the hazardous\r\nvanadium.
    This work focuses on the examination of laser beam melted TiAl6Nb7.\r\nFor microstructural
    investigation scanning electron microscopy including energydispersive\r\nx-ray
    spectroscopy as well as electron backscatter diffraction are utilized.\r\nThe
    laser beam melted related acicular microstructure as well as the corresponding\r\nmechanical
    properties, which are determined by hardness measurements\r\nand tensile tests,
    are investigated. The laser beam melted alloy meets,\r\nexcept of breaking elongation
    A, the mechanical demands like ultimate tensile\r\nstrength Rm, yield strength
    Rp0.2, Vickers hardness HV of international standard\r\nISO 5832-11. Next steps
    contain comparison between TiAl6Nb7 and TiAl6V4 in\r\ndifferent conditions. Further
    investigations aim at improving mechanical properties\r\nof TiAl6Nb7 by heat treatments
    and assessment of their influence on the microstructure\r\nas well as examination
    regarding the corrosive behavior in human bodylike\r\nconditions."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maxwell
  full_name: Hein, Maxwell
  id: '52771'
  last_name: Hein
  orcid: 0000-0002-3732-2236
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Hein M, Hoyer K-P, Schaper M. Additively processed TiAl6Nb7 alloy for biomedical
    applications. <i>Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik</i>. 2021;52:703-716.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>
  apa: Hein, M., Hoyer, K.-P., &#38; Schaper, M. (2021). Additively processed TiAl6Nb7
    alloy for biomedical applications. <i>Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik</i>,
    <i>52</i>, 703–716. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Hein_Hoyer_Schaper_2021, title={Additively processed TiAl6Nb7
    alloy for biomedical applications}, volume={52}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>},
    journal={Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik}, author={Hein, Maxwell and
    Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2021}, pages={703–716} }'
  chicago: 'Hein, Maxwell, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper. “Additively Processed
    TiAl6Nb7 Alloy for Biomedical Applications.” <i>Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik</i>
    52 (2021): 703–16. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Hein, K.-P. Hoyer, and M. Schaper, “Additively processed TiAl6Nb7 alloy
    for biomedical applications,” <i>Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik</i>,
    vol. 52, pp. 703–716, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>.'
  mla: Hein, Maxwell, et al. “Additively Processed TiAl6Nb7 Alloy for Biomedical Applications.”
    <i>Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik</i>, vol. 52, 2021, pp. 703–16, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000288">10.1002/mawe.202000288</a>.
  short: M. Hein, K.-P. Hoyer, M. Schaper, Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik
    52 (2021) 703–716.
date_created: 2021-09-09T15:40:08Z
date_updated: 2023-06-01T14:38:03Z
department:
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1002/mawe.202000288
intvolume: '        52'
keyword:
- Laser beam melting
- titanium alloy
- TiAl6Nb7
- biomedical engineering
- implants
language:
- iso: eng
page: 703-716
publication: Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0933-5137
  - 1521-4052
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Additively processed TiAl6Nb7 alloy for biomedical applications
type: journal_article
user_id: '43720'
volume: 52
year: '2021'
...