---
_id: '63611'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: When humans interact with artificial intelligence (AI), one desideratum is
    appropriate trust. Typically, appropriate trust encompasses that humans trust
    AI except for instances in which they either explicitly notice AI errors or are
    suspicious that errors could be present. So far, appropriate trust or related
    notions have mainly been investigated by assessing trust and reliance. In this
    contribution, we argue that these assessments are insufficient to measure the
    complex aim of appropriate trust and the related notion of healthy distrust. We
    introduce and test the perspective of covert visual attention as an additional
    indicator for appropriate trust and draw conceptual connections to the notion
    of healthy distrust. To test the validity of our conceptualization, we formalize
    visual attention using the Theory of Visual Attention and measure its properties
    that are potentially relevant to appropriate trust and healthy distrust in an
    image classification task. Based on temporal-order judgment performance, we estimate
    participants' attentional capacity and attentional weight toward correct and incorrect
    mock-up AI classifications. We observe that misclassifications reduce attentional
    capacity compared to correct classifications. However, our results do not indicate
    that this reduction is beneficial for a subsequent judgment of the classifications.
    The attentional weighting is not affected by the classifications' correctness
    but by the difficulty of categorizing the stimuli themselves. We discuss these
    results, their implications, and the limited potential for using visual attention
    as an indicator of appropriate trust and healthy distrust.
article_number: '1694367'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Tobias Martin
  full_name: Peters, Tobias Martin
  id: '92810'
  last_name: Peters
  orcid: 0009-0008-5193-6243
- first_name: Kai
  full_name: Biermeier, Kai
  id: '55908'
  last_name: Biermeier
  orcid: 0000-0002-2879-2359
- first_name: Ingrid
  full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
  id: '451'
  last_name: Scharlau
  orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
citation:
  ama: 'Peters TM, Biermeier K, Scharlau I. Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI
    interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>.
    2026;16. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>'
  apa: 'Peters, T. M., Biermeier, K., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2026). Assessing healthy
    distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention. <i>Frontiers
    in Psychology</i>, <i>16</i>, Article 1694367. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Peters_Biermeier_Scharlau_2026, title={Assessing healthy distrust
    in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention}, volume={16},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>},
    number={1694367}, journal={Frontiers in Psychology}, publisher={Frontiers Media
    SA}, author={Peters, Tobias Martin and Biermeier, Kai and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2026}
    }'
  chicago: 'Peters, Tobias Martin, Kai Biermeier, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Assessing
    Healthy Distrust in Human-AI Interaction: Interpreting Changes in Visual Attention.”
    <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i> 16 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>.'
  ieee: 'T. M. Peters, K. Biermeier, and I. Scharlau, “Assessing healthy distrust
    in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention,” <i>Frontiers
    in Psychology</i>, vol. 16, Art. no. 1694367, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>.'
  mla: 'Peters, Tobias Martin, et al. “Assessing Healthy Distrust in Human-AI Interaction:
    Interpreting Changes in Visual Attention.” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, vol.
    16, 1694367, Frontiers Media SA, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>.'
  short: T.M. Peters, K. Biermeier, I. Scharlau, Frontiers in Psychology 16 (2026).
date_created: 2026-01-14T14:21:59Z
date_updated: 2026-01-14T14:29:03Z
department:
- _id: '424'
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367
intvolume: '        16'
keyword:
- appropriate trust
- healthy distrust
- visual attention
- Theory of Visual Attention
- human-AI interaction
- Bayesian cognitive model
- image classification
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '124'
  name: 'TRR 318 ; TP C01: Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen'
publication: Frontiers in Psychology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1664-1078
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers Media SA
status: public
title: 'Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in
  visual attention'
type: journal_article
user_id: '92810'
volume: 16
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65310'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Trust between client and consultant is perhaps the most important asset in
    con-sulting, as this is a highly intangible knowledge-intensive business that
    concerns is-sues of outstanding strategic and operational importance for the customers.
    Cli-ents who have not worked with a particular consultancy face considerable risk
    when they place an order while lacking reliable information about the service
    quality they can expect. There is a strong link between trust and reputation,
    as the positive reputation of a consultancy can act as a substitute for a new
    client’s missing individual experience with the provider, fostering trust in the
    service quali-ty. Thus, creating, maintaining, and demonstrating a good reputation
    is of signifi-cant importance for consultancies in a very competitive industry.\r\nTo
    facilitate trustworthy signals, we design and implement a novel reputation mechanism
    that carries a monetary weight stored on a blockchain network as an immutable,
    decentralized, and transparent ledger. Based on an implementation in the Ethereum
    network and subsequent evaluation, we conclude that the reputation mechanism can
    contribute to leveling information asymmetry and reducing risk while increasing
    reputation and trust. The mechanism lends itself to being used in other business-to-business
    scenarios that suffer from similar information asymmetries."
author:
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Hemmrich, Simon
  id: '83557'
  last_name: Hemmrich
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Nissen, Volker
  last_name: Nissen
citation:
  ama: 'Hemmrich S, Nissen V. A blockchain-based reputation system for consulting.
    In: Nissen V, ed. <i> Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization
    – A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry.
    Springer.</i> ; 2026.'
  apa: Hemmrich, S., &#38; Nissen, V. (2026). A blockchain-based reputation system
    for consulting. In V. Nissen (Ed.), <i> Advanced Studies in Consulting Research
    and Digitalization – A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation of the
    Consulting Industry. Springer.</i>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Hemmrich_Nissen_2026, title={A blockchain-based reputation system
    for consulting}, booktitle={ Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization
    – A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry.
    Springer.}, author={Hemmrich, Simon and Nissen, Volker}, editor={Nissen, Volker},
    year={2026} }'
  chicago: Hemmrich, Simon, and Volker Nissen. “A Blockchain-Based Reputation System
    for Consulting.” In <i> Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization
    – A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry.
    Springer.</i>, edited by Volker Nissen, 2026.
  ieee: S. Hemmrich and V. Nissen, “A blockchain-based reputation system for consulting,”
    in <i> Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization – A Scientific
    Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry. Springer.</i>,
    V. Nissen, Ed. 2026.
  mla: Hemmrich, Simon, and Volker Nissen. “A Blockchain-Based Reputation System for
    Consulting.” <i> Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization –
    A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry.
    Springer.</i>, edited by Volker Nissen, 2026.
  short: 'S. Hemmrich, V. Nissen, in: V. Nissen (Ed.),  Advanced Studies in Consulting
    Research and Digitalization – A Scientific Update on the Digital Transformation
    of the Consulting Industry. Springer., 2026.'
date_created: 2026-04-02T04:06:47Z
date_updated: 2026-04-02T04:32:01Z
department:
- _id: '195'
editor:
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Nissen, Volker
  last_name: Nissen
extern: '1'
keyword:
- Reputation Systems
- Consulting
- Design Science Invention
- Incentive
- Blockchain
- Monetary ratings
- building trust
- reduce information asymmetry consulting
- B2B reputation system
- consulting risk reduction
- supplier evaluation system
language:
- iso: eng
publication: ' Advanced Studies in Consulting Research and Digitalization – A Scientific
  Update on the Digital Transformation of the Consulting Industry. Springer.'
publication_identifier:
  unknown:
  - 978-3032173836
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A blockchain-based reputation system for consulting
type: book_chapter
user_id: '83557'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '59756'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "A current concern in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to ensure
    the trustworthiness of AI systems. The development of explainability methods is
    one prominent way to address this, which has often resulted in the assumption
    that the use of explainability will lead to an increase in the trust of users
    and wider society. However, the dynamics between explainability and trust are
    not well established and empirical investigations of their relation remain mixed
    or inconclusive.\r\nIn this paper we provide a detailed description of the concepts
    of user trust and distrust in AI and their relation to appropriate reliance. For
    that we draw from the fields of machine learning, human–computer interaction,
    and the social sciences. Based on these insights, we have created a focused study
    of empirical literature of existing empirical studies that investigate the effects
    of AI systems and XAI methods on user (dis)trust, in order to substantiate our
    conceptualization of trust, distrust, and reliance. With respect to our conceptual
    understanding we identify gaps in existing empirical work. With clarifying the
    concepts and summarizing the empirical studies, we aim to provide researchers,
    who examine user trust in AI, with an improved starting point for developing user
    studies to measure and evaluate the user’s attitude towards and reliance on AI
    systems."
article_number: '101357'
author:
- first_name: Roel
  full_name: Visser, Roel
  last_name: Visser
- first_name: Tobias Martin
  full_name: Peters, Tobias Martin
  id: '92810'
  last_name: Peters
  orcid: 0009-0008-5193-6243
- first_name: Ingrid
  full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
  id: '451'
  last_name: Scharlau
  orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Barbara
  full_name: Hammer, Barbara
  last_name: Hammer
citation:
  ama: 'Visser R, Peters TM, Scharlau I, Hammer B. Trust, distrust, and appropriate
    reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its
    empirical evaluation. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. Published online 2025.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>'
  apa: 'Visser, R., Peters, T. M., Scharlau, I., &#38; Hammer, B. (2025). Trust, distrust,
    and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and
    survey of its empirical evaluation. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, Article
    101357. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Visser_Peters_Scharlau_Hammer_2025, title={Trust, distrust, and
    appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey
    of its empirical evaluation}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>},
    number={101357}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
    author={Visser, Roel and Peters, Tobias Martin and Scharlau, Ingrid and Hammer,
    Barbara}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Visser, Roel, Tobias Martin Peters, Ingrid Scharlau, and Barbara Hammer.
    “Trust, Distrust, and Appropriate Reliance in (X)AI: A Conceptual Clarification
    of User Trust and Survey of Its Empirical Evaluation.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>,
    2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>.'
  ieee: 'R. Visser, T. M. Peters, I. Scharlau, and B. Hammer, “Trust, distrust, and
    appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey
    of its empirical evaluation,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, Art. no. 101357,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>.'
  mla: 'Visser, Roel, et al. “Trust, Distrust, and Appropriate Reliance in (X)AI:
    A Conceptual Clarification of User Trust and Survey of Its Empirical Evaluation.”
    <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, 101357, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>.'
  short: R. Visser, T.M. Peters, I. Scharlau, B. Hammer, Cognitive Systems Research
    (2025).
date_created: 2025-05-02T09:26:15Z
date_updated: 2025-05-15T11:16:27Z
department:
- _id: '424'
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357
keyword:
- XAI
- Appropriate trust
- Distrust
- Reliance
- Human-centric evaluation
- Trustworthy AI
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '124'
  name: 'TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1 - Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen'
publication: Cognitive Systems Research
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1389-0417
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: 'Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification
  of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation'
type: journal_article
user_id: '92810'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '59755'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Due to the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in high-risk domains
    like law or medicine,\r\ntrustworthy AI and trust in AI are of increasing scientific
    and public relevance. A typical conception,\r\nfor example in the context of medical
    diagnosis, is that a knowledgeable user receives AIgenerated\r\nclassification
    as advice. Research to improve such interactions often aims to foster the\r\nuser’s
    trust, which in turn should improve the combined human-AI performance. Given that
    AI\r\nmodels can err, we argue that the possibility to critically review, thus
    to distrust, an AI decision is\r\nan equally interesting target of research.\r\nWe
    created two image classification scenarios in which the participants received
    mock-up\r\nAI advice. The quality of the advice decreases for a phase of the experiment.
    We studied the\r\ntask performance, trust and distrust of the participants, and
    tested whether an instruction to\r\nremain skeptical and review each piece of
    advice led to a better performance compared to a\r\nneutral condition. Our results
    indicate that this instruction does not improve but rather worsens\r\nthe participants’
    performance. Repeated single-item self-report of trust and distrust shows an\r\nincrease
    in trust and a decrease in distrust after the drop in the AI’s classification
    quality, with no\r\ndifference between the two instructions. Furthermore, via
    a Bayesian Signal Detection Theory\r\nanalysis, we provide a procedure to assess
    appropriate reliance in detail, by quantifying whether\r\nthe problems of under-
    and over-reliance have been mitigated. We discuss implications of our\r\nresults
    for the usage of disclaimers before interacting with AI, as prominently used in
    current\r\nLLM-based chatbots, and for trust and distrust research."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Tobias Martin
  full_name: Peters, Tobias Martin
  id: '92810'
  last_name: Peters
  orcid: 0009-0008-5193-6243
- first_name: Ingrid
  full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
  id: '451'
  last_name: Scharlau
  orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
citation:
  ama: 'Peters TM, Scharlau I. Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when
    receiving AI misclassifications? <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. 2025;16. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>'
  apa: 'Peters, T. M., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2025). Interacting with fallible AI: Is
    distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications? <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>,
    <i>16</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Peters_Scharlau_2025, title={Interacting with fallible AI: Is
    distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?}, volume={16}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>},
    journal={Frontiers in Psychology}, author={Peters, Tobias Martin and Scharlau,
    Ingrid}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Peters, Tobias Martin, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Interacting with Fallible
    AI: Is Distrust Helpful When Receiving AI Misclassifications?” <i>Frontiers in
    Psychology</i> 16 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.'
  ieee: 'T. M. Peters and I. Scharlau, “Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust
    helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?,” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>,
    vol. 16, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.'
  mla: 'Peters, Tobias Martin, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Interacting with Fallible AI:
    Is Distrust Helpful When Receiving AI Misclassifications?” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>,
    vol. 16, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.'
  short: T.M. Peters, I. Scharlau, Frontiers in Psychology 16 (2025).
date_created: 2025-05-02T09:22:39Z
date_updated: 2025-05-27T09:10:09Z
department:
- _id: '424'
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809
intvolume: '        16'
keyword:
- trust in AI
- trust
- distrust
- human-AI interaction
- Signal Detection Theory
- Bayesian parameter estimation
- image classification
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '124'
  name: 'TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1 - Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen'
publication: Frontiers in Psychology
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?'
type: journal_article
user_id: '92810'
volume: 16
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61123'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Knowledge graphs are used by a growing number of applications to represent
    structured data. Hence, evaluating the veracity of assertions in knowledge graphs—dubbed
    fact checking—is currently a challenge of growing importance. However, manual
    fact checking is commonly impractical due to the sheer size of knowledge graphs.
    This paper is a systematic survey of recent works on automatic fact checking with
    a focus on knowledge graphs. We present recent fact-checking approaches, the varied
    sources they use as background knowledge, and the features they rely upon. Finally,
    we draw conclusions pertaining to possible future research directions in fact
    checking knowledge graphs.</jats:p>
article_number: '3749838'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Umair
  full_name: Qudus, Umair
  id: '83392'
  last_name: Qudus
  orcid: 0000-0001-6714-8729
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Röder, Michael
  id: '67199'
  last_name: Röder
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-8277
- first_name: Muhammad
  full_name: Saleem, Muhammad
  last_name: Saleem
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
  full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
  id: '65716'
  last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
citation:
  ama: Qudus U, Röder M, Saleem M, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Fact Checking Knowledge Graphs
    -- A Survey. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>. 2025;58. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">10.1145/3749838</a>
  apa: Qudus, U., Röder, M., Saleem, M., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2025). Fact Checking
    Knowledge Graphs -- A Survey. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>, <i>58</i>, Article
    3749838. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Qudus_Röder_Saleem_Ngonga Ngomo_2025, title={Fact Checking Knowledge
    Graphs -- A Survey}, volume={58}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">10.1145/3749838</a>},
    number={3749838}, journal={ACM Computing Surveys}, publisher={Association for
    Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Qudus, Umair and Röder, Michael and Saleem,
    Muhammad and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Qudus, Umair, Michael Röder, Muhammad Saleem, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo.
    “Fact Checking Knowledge Graphs -- A Survey.” <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i> 58
    (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838</a>.
  ieee: 'U. Qudus, M. Röder, M. Saleem, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Fact Checking Knowledge
    Graphs -- A Survey,” <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>, vol. 58, Art. no. 3749838,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">10.1145/3749838</a>.'
  mla: Qudus, Umair, et al. “Fact Checking Knowledge Graphs -- A Survey.” <i>ACM Computing
    Surveys</i>, vol. 58, 3749838, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3749838">10.1145/3749838</a>.
  short: U. Qudus, M. Röder, M. Saleem, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, ACM Computing Surveys
    58 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-03T15:46:43Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T09:30:28Z
ddc:
- '006'
department:
- _id: '574'
doi: 10.1145/3749838
external_id:
  unknown:
  - 10.1145/3749838
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: uqudus
  date_created: 2025-09-11T09:26:29Z
  date_updated: 2025-09-11T09:26:29Z
  file_id: '61195'
  file_name: 3749838.pdf
  file_size: 1062387
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-09-11T09:26:29Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        58'
keyword:
- fact checking
- knowledge graphs
- fact-checkers
- check worthiness
- evidence retrieval
- trust
- veracity.
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3749838
oa: '1'
popular_science: '1'
publication: ACM Computing Surveys
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0360-0300
  - 1557-7341
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Fact Checking Knowledge Graphs -- A Survey
type: journal_article
user_id: '83392'
volume: 58
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '60050'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Reputation systems to rate companies’ performances remain largely unexplored
    inresearch and are scarcely used in business-to-business (B2B) practice. Such
    systemsare essential for businesses seeking trustworthy partners, as they help
    reduce infor-mation asymmetry, lower buyers’ transaction risks, and allow high-quality
    serviceproviders to justify premium pricing. Unlike traditional review-based systems
    in thebusiness-to-consumer (B2C) context, we propose a B2B reputation mechanism
    inwhich buyers commit to a rating payment before a transaction. Once the buyer
    final-izes the rating, this payment is executed and recorded on a blockchain as
    an immu-table, secure ledger. Our system mimics natural trust-building mechanisms
    with rat-ings that are (1) monetary-based, (2) stake-based, (3) non-aggregated,
    (4) involvecounter-ratings, (5) selectively sellable, (6) individually comparable,
    (7) stored ona blockchain, (8) and monitored by a third instance. This system
    provides a novelapproach to fostering trust in B2B transactions by reducing information
    asymme-try and transaction risk. We illustrate the mechanism’s application in
    the consultingsector. Our analysis has identified 23 institutional trust and distrust
    dimensions thatpromote establishing institutional trust through the proposed mechanism.
    Qualita-tive interviews suggest that, while complex and challenging to apply,
    this mecha-nism can foster trust in B2B transactions. Given the low maturity in
    the applicationdomain—rating professional business services with business reputation
    systems—and solution domain—using monetary stakes for ratings, this system stands
    as apotential invention.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Hemmrich, Simon
  id: '83557'
  last_name: Hemmrich
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Nissen, Volker
  last_name: Nissen
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Beverungen, Daniel
  id: '59677'
  last_name: Beverungen
- first_name: Josias Daniel Miño
  full_name: Pauls, Josias Daniel Miño
  last_name: Pauls
citation:
  ama: 'Hemmrich S, Nissen V, Beverungen D, Pauls JDM. Blockchain‑based reputation
    systemsfor business‑to‑business services: designing a reputation mechanism to
    reduce information asymmetry in professional consulting. <i>Information Systems
    and e-Business Management</i>. 2025;23(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>'
  apa: 'Hemmrich, S., Nissen, V., Beverungen, D., &#38; Pauls, J. D. M. (2025). Blockchain‑based
    reputation systemsfor business‑to‑business services: designing a reputation mechanism
    to reduce information asymmetry in professional consulting. <i>Information Systems
    and E-Business Management</i>, <i>23</i>(1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Hemmrich_Nissen_Beverungen_Pauls_2025, title={Blockchain‑based
    reputation systemsfor business‑to‑business services: designing a reputation mechanism
    to reduce information asymmetry in professional consulting}, volume={23}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>},
    number={1}, journal={Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher={Springer},
    author={Hemmrich, Simon and Nissen, Volker and Beverungen, Daniel and Pauls, Josias
    Daniel Miño}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Hemmrich, Simon, Volker Nissen, Daniel Beverungen, and Josias Daniel Miño
    Pauls. “Blockchain‑based Reputation Systemsfor Business‑to‑business Services:
    Designing a Reputation Mechanism to Reduce Information Asymmetry in Professional
    Consulting.” <i>Information Systems and E-Business Management</i> 23, no. 1 (2025).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Hemmrich, V. Nissen, D. Beverungen, and J. D. M. Pauls, “Blockchain‑based
    reputation systemsfor business‑to‑business services: designing a reputation mechanism
    to reduce information asymmetry in professional consulting,” <i>Information Systems
    and e-Business Management</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>.'
  mla: 'Hemmrich, Simon, et al. “Blockchain‑based Reputation Systemsfor Business‑to‑business
    Services: Designing a Reputation Mechanism to Reduce Information Asymmetry in
    Professional Consulting.” <i>Information Systems and E-Business Management</i>,
    vol. 23, no. 1, Springer, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9</a>.'
  short: S. Hemmrich, V. Nissen, D. Beverungen, J.D.M. Pauls, Information Systems
    and E-Business Management 23 (2025).
date_created: 2025-05-28T08:12:28Z
date_updated: 2026-04-02T04:32:13Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '195'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9
external_id:
  unknown:
  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: hemmrich
  date_created: 2025-05-28T08:05:18Z
  date_updated: 2025-05-28T08:05:18Z
  file_id: '60051'
  file_name: Hemmrich_et_al-2025-Information_Systems_and_e-Business_Management.pdf
  file_size: 1440251
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-05-28T08:05:18Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        23'
issue: '1'
jel:
- D81
- D82
- L86
- L10
- M30
keyword:
- Information asymmetry
- Trust
- Reputation system
- Monetary rating
- Blockchain
- Consulting
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10257-025-00702-9?sharing_token=fOiWqZx_ScKFAKjxu5UqWPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6mjxpZFPB3OtpVT0rAZf9eEBt3_qXIVcZ67l3R9JVYasmuCsIimzE-xfP0N5Rimun248j0jFOnL1eBu4rypKSDFnbmR3kJ5xx-HLnCXvPvQPwpm09qOkS9GSNsiG-du60%3D
oa: '1'
publication: Information Systems and e-Business Management
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Blockchain‑based reputation systemsfor business‑to‑business services: designing
  a reputation mechanism to reduce information asymmetry in professional consulting'
type: journal_article
user_id: '83557'
volume: 23
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '49785'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Reputation is indispensable for online business since it supports customers
    in their buying decisions and\r\nallows sellers to justify premium prices. While
    IS research has investigated reputation systems mainly\r\nas review systems on
    online platforms for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions, no proper solutions\r\nhave
    been developed for business-to-business (B2B) transactions yet. We use blockchain
    technology to\r\npropose a new class of reputation systems that apply ratings
    as voluntary bonus payments: Before a\r\ntransaction is performed, customers commit
    to pay a bonus that is granted if a service provider has\r\nperformed a service
    properly. As opposed to rival reputation systems that build on cumulated ratings\r\nor
    reviews, our system enables monetized reputation mechanisms that are inextricably
    linked with online\r\ntransactions. We expect this system class to provide more
    trustworthy ratings, which might reduce\r\nagency costs and serve quality providers
    to establish a reputation towards new customers, building on\r\nsecond-order trust."
author:
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Hemmrich, Simon
  id: '83557'
  last_name: Hemmrich
citation:
  ama: 'Hemmrich S. Business Reputation Systems based on Blockchain Technology—A Risky
    Advance. In: <i>Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems
    (ECIS 2023)</i>. ; 2023.'
  apa: Hemmrich, S. (2023). Business Reputation Systems based on Blockchain Technology—A
    Risky Advance. <i>Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems
    (ECIS 2023)</i>.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Hemmrich_2023, title={Business Reputation Systems based
    on Blockchain Technology—A Risky Advance}, booktitle={Proceedings of 31st European
    Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2023)}, author={Hemmrich, Simon}, year={2023}
    }'
  chicago: Hemmrich, Simon. “Business Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain Technology—A
    Risky Advance.” In <i>Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems
    (ECIS 2023)</i>, 2023.
  ieee: S. Hemmrich, “Business Reputation Systems based on Blockchain Technology—A
    Risky Advance,” Kristiansand, 2023.
  mla: Hemmrich, Simon. “Business Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain Technology—A
    Risky Advance.” <i>Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems
    (ECIS 2023)</i>, 2023.
  short: 'S. Hemmrich, in: Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information
    Systems (ECIS 2023), 2023.'
conference:
  location: Kristiansand
date_created: 2023-12-18T12:55:32Z
date_updated: 2024-04-15T13:33:21Z
jel:
- D47
- D82
- D81
- E42
keyword:
- Trust
- Risk
- Reputation System
- Blockchain Technology
- Business Reputation System.
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2023_rip/51/
oa: '1'
publication: Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS
  2023)
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Business Reputation Systems based on Blockchain Technology—A Risky Advance
type: conference
user_id: '83557'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '29048'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "We study the bargaining behavior between auditor and auditee in a tax setting
    and scrutinize\r\nthe effect of interpersonal trust and trust in government on
    both parties’ concessions.\r\nWe find evidence that both kinds of trust affect
    the concessionary behavior, albeit\r\nin different ways. While trust in government
    affects concessionary behavior in line with\r\nintuitive predictions, we find
    that interpersonal trust only affects tax auditors. For high\r\ninterpersonal
    trust, the alleviating effect of high trust in government on tax auditors’\r\nconcessions
    is less pronounced. Our findings help tax authorities to shape programs to\r\nenhance
    compliance in an atmosphere of trust."
author:
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Eberhartinger, Eva
  last_name: Eberhartinger
- first_name: Raffael
  full_name: Speitmann, Raffael
  last_name: Speitmann
- first_name: Caren
  full_name: Sureth-Sloane, Caren
  id: '530'
  last_name: Sureth-Sloane
  orcid: ' 0000-0002-8183-5901'
- first_name: Yuchen
  full_name: Wu, Yuchen
  last_name: Wu
citation:
  ama: Eberhartinger E, Speitmann R, Sureth-Sloane C, Wu Y. How Does Trust Affect
    Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining? <i>FinanzArchiv / European Journal of
    Public Finance</i>. 2022;78(1-2):112-155.
  apa: Eberhartinger, E., Speitmann, R., Sureth-Sloane, C., &#38; Wu, Y. (2022). How
    Does Trust Affect Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining? <i>FinanzArchiv /
    European Journal of Public Finance</i>, <i>78</i>(1–2), 112–155.
  bibtex: '@article{Eberhartinger_Speitmann_Sureth-Sloane_Wu_2022, title={How Does
    Trust Affect Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining?}, volume={78}, number={1–2},
    journal={FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance}, author={Eberhartinger,
    Eva and Speitmann, Raffael and Sureth-Sloane, Caren and Wu, Yuchen}, year={2022},
    pages={112–155} }'
  chicago: 'Eberhartinger, Eva, Raffael Speitmann, Caren Sureth-Sloane, and Yuchen
    Wu. “How Does Trust Affect Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining?” <i>FinanzArchiv
    / European Journal of Public Finance</i> 78, no. 1–2 (2022): 112–55.'
  ieee: E. Eberhartinger, R. Speitmann, C. Sureth-Sloane, and Y. Wu, “How Does Trust
    Affect Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining?,” <i>FinanzArchiv / European
    Journal of Public Finance</i>, vol. 78, no. 1–2, pp. 112–155, 2022.
  mla: Eberhartinger, Eva, et al. “How Does Trust Affect Concessionary Behavior in
    Tax Bargaining?” <i>FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance</i>, vol.
    78, no. 1–2, 2022, pp. 112–55.
  short: E. Eberhartinger, R. Speitmann, C. Sureth-Sloane, Y. Wu, FinanzArchiv / European
    Journal of Public Finance 78 (2022) 112–155.
date_created: 2021-12-20T08:20:42Z
date_updated: 2026-01-10T09:59:04Z
department:
- _id: '187'
intvolume: '        78'
issue: 1-2
jel:
- C92
- M40
- H20
- H25
- H83
keyword:
- Behavioral Taxation
- Concessionary Behavior
- Interpersonal Trust
- Tax Audit
- Trust in Government
language:
- iso: eng
page: 112-155
publication: FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance
publication_status: published
status: public
title: How Does Trust Affect Concessionary Behavior in Tax Bargaining?
type: journal_article
user_id: '530'
volume: 78
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '9613'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The ability to openly evaluate products, locations and services is an achievement
    of the Web 2.0. It has never been easier to inform oneself about the quality of
    products or services and possible alternatives. Forming one’s own opinion based
    on the impressions of other people can lead to better experiences. However, this
    presupposes trust in one’s fellows as well as in the quality of the review platforms.
    In previous work on physician reviews and the corresponding websites, it was observed
    that there occurs faulty behavior by some reviewers and there were noteworthy
    differences in the technical implementation of the portals and in the efforts
    of site operators to maintain high quality reviews. These experiences raise new
    questions regarding what trust means on review platforms, how trust arises and
    how easily it can be destroyed.
author:
- first_name: Joschka
  full_name: Kersting, Joschka
  id: '58701'
  last_name: Kersting
- first_name: Frederik Simon
  full_name: Bäumer, Frederik Simon
  id: '38837'
  last_name: Bäumer
- first_name: Michaela
  full_name: Geierhos, Michaela
  id: '42496'
  last_name: Geierhos
  orcid: 0000-0002-8180-5606
citation:
  ama: 'Kersting J, Bäumer FS, Geierhos M. In Reviews We Trust: But Should We? Experiences
    with Physician Review Websites. In: Ramachandran M, Walters R, Wills G, Méndez
    Muñoz V, Chang V, eds. <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
    Internet of Things, Big Data and Security</i>. Setúbal, Portugal: SCITEPRESS;
    2019:147-155.'
  apa: 'Kersting, J., Bäumer, F. S., &#38; Geierhos, M. (2019). In Reviews We Trust:
    But Should We? Experiences with Physician Review Websites. In M. Ramachandran,
    R. Walters, G. Wills, V. Méndez Muñoz, &#38; V. Chang (Eds.), <i>Proceedings
    of the 4th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security</i>
    (pp. 147–155). Setúbal, Portugal: SCITEPRESS.'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Kersting_Bäumer_Geierhos_2019, place={Setúbal, Portugal},
    title={In Reviews We Trust: But Should We? Experiences with Physician Review Websites},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Internet of Things,
    Big Data and Security}, publisher={SCITEPRESS}, author={Kersting, Joschka and
    Bäumer, Frederik Simon and Geierhos, Michaela}, editor={Ramachandran, Muthu and
    Walters, Robert and Wills, Gary and Méndez Muñoz, Víctor and Chang, VictorEditors},
    year={2019}, pages={147–155} }'
  chicago: 'Kersting, Joschka, Frederik Simon Bäumer, and Michaela Geierhos. “In Reviews
    We Trust: But Should We? Experiences with Physician Review Websites.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the 4th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security</i>,
    edited by Muthu Ramachandran, Robert Walters, Gary Wills, Víctor Méndez Muñoz,
    and Victor Chang, 147–55. Setúbal, Portugal: SCITEPRESS, 2019.'
  ieee: 'J. Kersting, F. S. Bäumer, and M. Geierhos, “In Reviews We Trust: But Should
    We? Experiences with Physician Review Websites,” in <i>Proceedings of the 4th
    International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security</i>, Heraklion,
    Greece, 2019, pp. 147–155.'
  mla: 'Kersting, Joschka, et al. “In Reviews We Trust: But Should We? Experiences
    with Physician Review Websites.” <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Conference
    on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security</i>, edited by Muthu Ramachandran
    et al., SCITEPRESS, 2019, pp. 147–55.'
  short: 'J. Kersting, F.S. Bäumer, M. Geierhos, in: M. Ramachandran, R. Walters,
    G. Wills, V. Méndez Muñoz, V. Chang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International
    Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security, SCITEPRESS, Setúbal,
    Portugal, 2019, pp. 147–155.'
conference:
  end_date: 2019-05-04
  location: Heraklion, Greece
  name: 4th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security
    (IoTBDS 2019)
  start_date: 2019-05-02
date_created: 2019-05-06T09:00:48Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:04:17Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '1'
- _id: '579'
editor:
- first_name: Muthu
  full_name: Ramachandran, Muthu
  last_name: Ramachandran
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Walters, Robert
  last_name: Walters
- first_name: Gary
  full_name: Wills, Gary
  last_name: Wills
- first_name: Víctor
  full_name: Méndez Muñoz, Víctor
  last_name: Méndez Muñoz
- first_name: Victor
  full_name: Chang, Victor
  last_name: Chang
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: jkers
  date_created: 2020-09-18T09:24:41Z
  date_updated: 2020-09-18T09:24:41Z
  file_id: '19573'
  file_name: Kersting et al. (2019), Kersting2019.pdf
  file_size: 1112502
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2020-09-18T09:24:41Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Trust
- Physician Reviews
- Network Analysis
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: www.insticc.org/Primoris/Resources/PaperPdf.ashx?idPaper=77454
page: 147-155
place: Setúbal, Portugal
publication: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Internet of Things,
  Big Data and Security
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-989-758-369-8
  unknown:
  - 2184-4976
publication_status: published
publisher: SCITEPRESS
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'In Reviews We Trust: But Should We? Experiences with Physician Review Websites'
type: conference
user_id: '58701'
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '5598'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Emerging digital environments and infrastructures, such as distributed services
    and computing services, have generated new options of communication, information
    sharing, and resource utilization in past years. Different distributed trust concepts
    are applied to increase trust in such systems. However, these concepts yield to
    rather complex architectures which make it difficult to determine which component
    or system needs to be trusted. This paper presents a novel trust measurement method
    for distributed systems which enables the t identification of weak points in the
    overall system architecture. The measurement method includes the specification
    of a formal trust language and its representation by means of propositional logic
    formulas. The applicability of the proposed concepts is demonstrated by conducting
    a case study on the Internet voting system that was used in the 2007 parliamentary
    elections in Estonia.
author:
- first_name: Melanie
  full_name: Volkamer, Melanie
  last_name: Volkamer
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Schryen, Guido
  id: '72850'
  last_name: Schryen
citation:
  ama: 'Volkamer M, Schryen G. Measuring eTrust in distributed systems - General Concept
    and Application to Internet Voting. In: <i>Proceedings of the 23rd Bled EConference</i>.
    ; 2010.'
  apa: Volkamer, M., &#38; Schryen, G. (2010). Measuring eTrust in distributed systems
    - General Concept and Application to Internet Voting. In <i>Proceedings of the
    23rd Bled eConference</i>.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Volkamer_Schryen_2010, title={Measuring eTrust in distributed
    systems - General Concept and Application to Internet Voting}, booktitle={Proceedings
    of the 23rd Bled eConference}, author={Volkamer, Melanie and Schryen, Guido},
    year={2010} }'
  chicago: Volkamer, Melanie, and Guido Schryen. “Measuring ETrust in Distributed
    Systems - General Concept and Application to Internet Voting.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the 23rd Bled EConference</i>, 2010.
  ieee: M. Volkamer and G. Schryen, “Measuring eTrust in distributed systems - General
    Concept and Application to Internet Voting,” in <i>Proceedings of the 23rd Bled
    eConference</i>, 2010.
  mla: Volkamer, Melanie, and Guido Schryen. “Measuring ETrust in Distributed Systems
    - General Concept and Application to Internet Voting.” <i>Proceedings of the 23rd
    Bled EConference</i>, 2010.
  short: 'M. Volkamer, G. Schryen, in: Proceedings of the 23rd Bled EConference, 2010.'
date_created: 2018-11-14T11:49:50Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:02:06Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '277'
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: hsiemes
  date_created: 2018-12-11T15:14:05Z
  date_updated: 2018-12-13T15:16:50Z
  file_id: '6185'
  file_name: 06_Schryen.pdf
  file_size: 243413
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2018-12-13T15:16:50Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- distributed trust concepts
- measuring etrust
- Internet voting
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
publication: Proceedings of the 23rd Bled eConference
status: public
title: Measuring eTrust in distributed systems - General Concept and Application to
  Internet Voting
type: conference
user_id: '61579'
year: '2010'
...