@inproceedings{9576, abstract = {{In neurosurgery, delineation of tumor boundaries during resection of brain tumors is of substantial relevance. During operation distinction between tumor and healthy tissue rely on the abilities of the surgeon based on visual and tactile differentiation. In this paper a high sensitivity actuator-sensor system using a piezoelectric bimorph is presented. Frequency shift and transfer function of the bimorphpsilas voltages are detected and evaluated. Sensorpsilas sensitivity is evaluated using two frequency controls strategies: A phase-locked loop (PLL) and a self-oscillating circuit. Results of measurements conducted on gel-phantoms are presented and discussed.}}, author = {{Uribe, David Oliva and Stroop, Ralf and Hemsel, Tobias and Wallaschek, Jörg}}, booktitle = {{Frequency Control Symposium, 2008 IEEE International}}, issn = {{1075-6787}}, keywords = {{biomedical measurement, brain, cancer, neurophysiology, phantoms, phase locked loops, piezoelectric actuators, surgery, tactile sensors, transfer functions, tumours, PLL, biomedical tissue differentiation system, brain tumor resection, frequency control, frequency shift, gel-phantom, high sensitivity actuator-sensor system, neurosurgery, phase-locked loop, piezoelectric actuators, piezoelectric bimorph, self-oscillating circuit, sensor sensitivity, tactile differentiation, tactile sensor system, transfer function, tumor boundary, visual differentiation, Biomedical measurements, Circuits, Frequency control, Neoplasms, Neurosurgery, Phase locked loops, Piezoelectric actuators, Surges, Transfer functions, Voltage}}, pages = {{91--94}}, title = {{{Development of a biomedical tissue differentiation system using piezoelectric actuators}}}, doi = {{10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622963}}, year = {{2008}}, } @article{6087, abstract = {{Visual backward masking is frequently used to study the temporal dynamics of visual perception. These dynamics may include the temporal features of conscious percepts, as suggested, for instance, by the asynchronous-updating model (Neumann, 1982) and perceptual-retouch theory (Bachmann, 1994). These models predict that the perceptual latency of a visual backward mask is shorter than that of a like reference stimulus that was not preceded by a masked stimulus. The prediction has been confirmed by studies using temporal-order judgments: For certain asynchronies between mask and reference stimulus, temporal-order reversals are quite frequent (e.g. Scharlau, & Neumann, 2003a). However, it may be argued that these reversals were due to a response bias in favour of the mask rather than true temporal-perceptual effects. I introduce two measures for assessing latency effects that (1) are not prone to such a response bias, (2) allow to quantify the latency gain, and (3) extend the perceptual e}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{temporal processes, prime mask interaction, perceptual consequences, masked information, visual backward masking, visual perception, Temporal Lobe, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Consequence}}, number = {{1-2}}, pages = {{241 -- 255}}, title = {{{Temporal processes in prime-mask interaction: Assessing perceptual consequences of masked information.}}}, volume = {{3}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6070, abstract = {{The Fehrer-Raab effect (simple reaction time is unaffected by metacontrast masking of the test stimulus) seems to imply that a stimulus can trigger a voluntary reaction without reaching a conscious representation. However, it is also possible that the mask triggers the reaction, and that the masked test stimulus causes a focussing of attention from which processing of the mask profits, thus reaching conscious representation earlier. This is predicted by the Weather Station Model of visual masking. Three experiments tested this explanation. Experiment 1 showed that the masked test stimulus caused a temporal shift of the mask. Experiment 2 showed that the reaction in the Fehrer-Raab effect was not exclusively triggered by a conscious representation of the test stimulus: the mask was involved in evoking the reaction. Experiment 3 again revealed a temporal shift of the mask. However, the shift was only about half as large as the Fehrer-Raab effect. The psychometric functions suggested tha}}, author = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{Fehrer-Raab effect, Weather Station Model, visual backward masking, reaction time, metacontrast masking, conscious representation, Cognition, Humans, Perceptual Masking, Pilot Projects, Psychology, Experimental, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Models, Reaction Time, Visual Contrast, Visual Masking}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{667 -- 677}}, title = {{{Experiments on the Fehrer-Raab effect and the 'Weather Station Model' of visual backward masking.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6093, abstract = {{The U-shaped metacontrast function may result from the superimposition of two monotonic components which reflect the effects of mechanisms similar to the peripheral and central processes suggested for backward pattern masking by Turvey (Psychol Rev 80:1-52, 1973). In an experiment using the disc-ring paradigm, it was demonstrated that the decreasing and increasing branches of the metacontrast function are differently affected by the exposure duration of the mask and a task-irrelevant stimulus (distractor) appearing in the contralateral visual hemifield. The phenomenal representation of masking is different for the two parts of the curve. It is suggested that masking in the second part of the masking function, but not in the first, is related to the control of visual attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{visual attention, metacontrast, backward pattern masking, monotonic components superimposition, Attention, Contrast Sensitivity, Humans, Judgment, Perceptual Masking, Visual Perception, Metacognition, Visual Contrast, Visual Attention, Visual Masking}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{626 -- 633}}, title = {{{Visual attention and the mechanism of metacontrast.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6079, abstract = {{The present paper reviews recent research on perceptual latency priming (PLP). PLP is the relative latency advantage--earlier perception--of a visual stimulus that is preceded by another, masked stimulus at its location. The first stimulus attracts attention which accelerates perception of the second stimulus. This facilitation arises even if the first stimulus is visually backward-masked by the second one. The paper summarises research on temporal and spatial properties of PLP and the question whether intentions mediate shifts of attention to external events. Possible sources of PLP besides visuo-spatial attention are discussed. Finally, I give a review of feedforward and reentrant models of PLP and compare them to the empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, attentional facilitation, visuospatial attention, visual backward masking, prior entry, Attention, Humans, Judgment, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Attention, Priming, Response Latency, Visual Masking, Visuospatial Ability}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{678 -- 686}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming: A measure of attentional facilitation.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6092, abstract = {{The topic of the present edition is visual masking paradigms-as powerful tool for demonstrating the processing of nonconscious visual information. In the present issue one article presents an improved methodology for disentangling perceptual and temporal influences in markers. Another paper demonstrates that preemptive control, or DPS, mediates the allocation of attention towards possible targets. One of the contributions specify conditions under which DPS-like effects are found as opposed to conditions under which stimulus-driven effects are found. A study of two illusions which the prime may cause in a trailing stimulus, a temporal pre-dating of the mask and a perception of motion in later stimuli adjacent to the prime is presented in the issue. Another contribution addresses how the percept of a stimulus is altered by a temporal and spatial interplay of two backward masks or of one forward mask and two backwards masks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Breitmeyer, Bruno G.}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{visual masking, visual information, attention, stimulus-driven effects, motion perception, Attention, Illusions (Perception), Motion Perception, Visual Masking}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{1 -- 5}}, title = {{{Trends and styles in visual masking.}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6073, abstract = {{The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation w}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot}}, issn = {{0001-6918}}, journal = {{Acta Psychologica}}, keywords = {{latency facilitation, temporal order judgments, visual processing, priming, conscious perception, visual mask, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Consciousness States, Judgment, Priming, Visual Masking, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{129 -- 159}}, title = {{{Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: Time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type.}}}, volume = {{122}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6076, abstract = {{In the present study, we examined whether the detection advantage for negative-face targets in crowds of positive-face distractors over positive-face targets in crowds of negative faces can be explained by differentially efficient distractor rejection. Search Condition A demonstrated more efficient distractor rejection with negative-face targets in positive-face crowds than vice versa. Search Condition B showed that target identity alone is not sufficient to account for this effect, because there was no difference in processing efficiency for positive- and negative-face targets within neutral crowds. Search Condition C showed differentially efficient processing with neutral-face targets among positive- or negative-face distractors. These results were obtained with both a within-participants (Experiment 1) and a between-participants (Experiment 2) design. The pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that efficient rejection of positive (more homogenous) distractors is an im}}, author = {{Horstmann, Gernot and Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}}, issn = {{1069-9384}}, journal = {{Psychonomic Bulletin & Review}}, keywords = {{angry face distractors, visual search, negative face distractors, Adult, Anger, Attention, Face, Female, Happiness, Humans, Male, Rejection (Psychology), Visual Perception, Distraction, Face Perception, Visual Perception, Visual Search}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{1067 -- 1073}}, title = {{{More efficient rejection of happy than of angry face distractors in visual search.}}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6094, abstract = {{In the current study, we tested whether search for a visual motion singleton presented among several coherently moving distractors can be more efficient than search for a motion stimulus presented with a single distractor. Under a variety of conditions, multiple spatially distributed and coherently moving distractors facilitated search for a uniquely moving target relative to a single-motion-distractor condition (Experiments 1,3, and 4). Color coherencies among static distractors were not equally effective (Experiments 1 and 2). These results confirm that humans are highly sensitive to antagonistically directed motion signals in backgrounds compared with spatially more confined regions of visual images. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Scharlau, Ingrid and Labudda, Kirsten}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{visual search, motion singleton, visual images, visual motion, coherently moving distractors, Adult, Attention, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Motion Perception, Visual Perception, Motion Perception, Stimulus Salience, Visual Search, Distraction, Retinal Image}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{103 -- 116}}, title = {{{Visual search for a motion singleton among coherently moving distractors.}}}, volume = {{70}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6077, abstract = {{The phenomena of illusory line motion and perceptual latency priming are both assumed to reflect a facilitation of perceptual latency. The explanation of illusory line motion presupposes that attention is distributed in a gradient fashion whereas this is not a necessary part of the explanation of perceptual latency priming. Two experiments test whether an attentional gradient is present in perceptual latency priming. Evidence for a gradient was found within 2.5° of visual angle around the attended location, but not at a distance of 5° and more. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Horstmann, Gernot}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, illusory line motion, attention, visual angle, Illusions (Perception), Priming, Visual Field, Visual Perception, Visual Attention, Spatial Orientation (Perception)}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{87 -- 97}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming and illusory line motion: Facilitation by gradients of attention?}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6068, abstract = {{Attending to a location shortens the perceptual latency of stimuli appearing at this location (perceptual latency priming). According to attentional explanations, perceptual latency priming relies on the speeded transfer of attended visual information into an internal model. However, doubts about the attentional origin have repeatedly been raised because efforts to minimize response bias have been insufficient in most studies. Five experiments investigated the contribution of a response bias to perceptual latency priming (judgment bias due to the two-alternative forced-choice method and due to the existence of the prime, criterion effects or second-order bias, sensorimotor priming). If any, only small response biases were found. The results thus support the attentional explanation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{response bias, temporal order tasks, attention manipulation, masked primes, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Attention, Latent Learning, Priming, Response Bias, Visual Perception, Response Latency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{224 -- 236}}, title = {{{Evidence against response bias in temporal order tasks with attention manipulation by masked primes.}}}, volume = {{68}}, year = {{2004}}, } @article{6089, abstract = {{The spatial distribution of visual attention is a yet unresolved question. One of the main topics is whether attention is distributed in a graded fashion around an attended location (e.g., Downing, 1988; Zimba & Hughes, 1987). The present experiments explore whether, and on which conditions, gradients of attention arise and contribute to perceptual facilitation. A masked or unmasked prime precedes one of two targets whose temporal order has to be judged. The prime captures attention, which shortens the perceptual latency of the primed target (perceptual latency priming; Scharlau & Neumann, 2003a; Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001). No strong evidence for an attentional gradient was found. (1) Accuracy of temporal order judgements was independent of the distance between the two targets that were judged. That is, facilitation of the second target by the first target was spatially invariant. (2) With targets of short duration, facilitation was independent of prime-target distance. (3) With ta}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0272-4987}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology}}, keywords = {{visual attention, spatial distribution, perceptual latency priming, Attention, Priming, Spatial Organization, Visual Perception}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1411 -- 1436}}, title = {{{The spatial distribution of attention in perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{57A}}, year = {{2004}}, } @article{6065, abstract = {{In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down }}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}}, issn = {{0042-6989}}, journal = {{Vision Research}}, keywords = {{direct parameter specification, DPS, attention shift, latency priming, sensorimotor control, stimuli, task-relevant features, visual targets, color, shape, latency effects, Adult, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Attention, Perceptual Motor Processes, Response Latency, Stimulus Onset, Visual Stimulation, Form and Shape Perception, Sensory Adaptation}}, number = {{12}}, pages = {{1351 -- 1363}}, title = {{{Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{43}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6078, abstract = {{Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal order judgments, masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli, attentional interpretation, response times, location cueing, visual perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Perceptual Masking, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Perception, Masking, Reaction Time, Response Latency, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Contrast, Attention, Cues, Priming, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{184 -- 196}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation.}}}, volume = {{67}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6086, abstract = {{Visual stimuli (primes) reduce the perceptual latency of a target appearing at the same location (perceptual latency priming, PLP). Three experiments assessed the time course of PLP by masked and, in Experiment 3, unmasked primes. Experiments 1 (N=11; mean age 26.9) and 2 (N=12; mean age 25.6) investigated the temporal parameters that determine the size of priming. Stimulus onset asynchrony was found to exert the main influence accompanied by a small effect of prime duration. Experiment 3 (N=19; mean age 27.7) used a large range of priming onset asynchronies. We suggest to explain PLP by the Asynchronous Updating Model which relates it to the asynchrony of 2 central coding processes, preattentive coding of basic visual features and attentional orienting as a prerequisite for perceptual judgments and conscious perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}}, issn = {{0001-6918}}, journal = {{Acta Psychologica}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal parameters, Asynchronous Updating Model, time course, stimulus onset asynchrony, visual masking, attention, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Priming, Stimulus Onset, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Models, Time}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{185 -- 203}}, title = {{{Temporal parameters and time course of perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{113}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6072, abstract = {{According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time (RT) effects only if the information specified one of the required responses (Experiments 1 and 3). Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT if it was provided by visible cues (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (PsycINFO }}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Heumann, Manfred and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1053-8100}}, journal = {{Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal}}, keywords = {{active intentions, cues, direct parameter specification, nonconscious processing ability, Adult, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Awareness, Cognitive Processes, Cues, Intention, Consciousness States, Probability}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{528 -- 545}}, title = {{{Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task.}}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2002}}, } @article{6074, abstract = {{Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0031-5117}}, journal = {{Perception & Psychophysics}}, keywords = {{attention, leading primes, trailing primes, temporal order perception, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Random Allocation, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Masking, Priming, Stimulus Frequency, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1346 -- 1360}}, title = {{{Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{64}}, year = {{2002}}, }