@article{6082, abstract = {{When two targets are presented in rapid succession, the first target (T1) is usually identified, but the second target (T2) is often missed. A remarkable exception to this 'attentional blink' occurs when T2 immediately follows the first T1, at lag 1. It is then often spared but reported in the wrong order—that is, before T1. These order reversals have led to the hypothesis that 'lag 1 sparing' occurs because the two targets merge into a single episodic representation. Here, we report evidence consistent with an alternative theory: T2 receives more attention than T1, leading to prior entry into working memory. Two experiments showed that the more T2 performance exceeded that for T1, the more order reversals were made. Furthermore, precuing T1 led to a shift in performance benefits from T2 to T1 and to an equivalent reduction in order reversals. We conclude that it is not necessary to assume episodic integration to explain lag 1 sparing or the accompanying order reversals. (PsycINFO Dat}}, author = {{Olivers, Christian N. L. and Hilkenmeier, Frederic and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1943-3921}}, journal = {{Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics}}, keywords = {{attentional blink, order reversals, prior entry, working memory, visual attention, attentional performance, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Attentional Blink, Color Perception, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Reversal Learning, Sensory Gating, Serial Learning, Young Adult, Eyeblink Reflex, Stimulus Change, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Attention, Attentional Blink, Short Term Memory}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{53 -- 67}}, title = {{{Prior entry explains order reversals in the attentional blink.}}}, volume = {{73}}, year = {{2011}}, } @article{6084, abstract = {{Attended stimuli are perceived as occurring earlier than unattended stimuli. This phenomenon of prior entry is usually identified by a shift in the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) in temporal order judgements (TOJs). According to its traditional psychophysical interpretation, the PSS coincides with the perception of simultaneity. This assumption is, however, questionable. Technically, the PSS represents the temporal interval between two stimuli at which the two alternative TOJs are equally likely. Thus it also seems possible that observers perceive not simultaneity, but uncertainty of temporal order. This possibility is supported by prior-entry studies, which find that perception of simultaneity is not very likely at the PSS. The present study tested the percept at the PSS in prior entry, using peripheral cues to orient attention. We found that manipulating attention caused varying temporal perceptions around the PSS. On some occasions observers perceived the two stimuli as sim}}, author = {{Weiß, Katharina and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1747-0218}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}}, keywords = {{temporal order perception, simultaneity, temporal order judgment, attention, visual perception, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Models, Psychological, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Uncertainty, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Attention, Judgment, Stimulus Similarity, Time Perception, Visual Discrimination, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{394 -- 416}}, title = {{{Simultaneity and temporal order perception: Different sides of the same coin? Evidence from a visual prior-entry study.}}}, volume = {{64}}, year = {{2011}}, } @article{33400, abstract = {{We examined, in immobilization, the effect of a diet high in sodium chloride (NaCl) on bone markers, nitrogen balance, and acid-base status. Eight healthy male test subjects participated in a 14-day head-down-tilt bed rest (HDBR) study. During the bed rest period they received, in a randomized crossover design, a high (7.7 meq Na+/kg body wt per day) and a low (0.7 meq Na+/kg body wt per day) NaCl diet. As expected, 24-h excretion of urinary calcium was significantly greater in the high-NaCl-intake HDBR phase than in the low-NaCl-intake HDBR phase ( P < 0.001). High NaCl intake caused a 43–50% greater excretion of the bone resorption markers COOH- (CTX) and NH2- (NTX) terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in HDBR than low NaCl in HDBR (CTX/NTX: P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of the bone formation markers bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and NH2-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) were identical in both NaCl intake phases. High NaCl intake led to a more negative nitrogen balance in HDBR ( P < 0.001). Changes were accompanied by increased serum chloride concentration ( P = 0.008), reduced blood bicarbonate ( P = 0.017), and base excess ( P = 0.009) whereas net acid excretion was lower during high than during low NaCl intake in immobilization ( P < 0.001). High NaCl intake during immobilization exacerbates disuse-induced bone and muscle loss by causing further protein wasting and an increase in bone resorption. Changes in the acid-base status, mainly caused by disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, seem to determine NaCl-induced degradation processes.}}, author = {{Frings-Meuthen, Petra and Bühlmeier, Judith and Baecker, Natalie and Stehle, Peter and Fimmers, Rolf and May, Francisca and Kluge, Goetz and Heer, Martina}}, issn = {{8750-7587}}, journal = {{Journal of Applied Physiology}}, keywords = {{Physiology (medical), Physiology}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{537--542}}, publisher = {{American Physiological Society}}, title = {{{High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses}}}, doi = {{10.1152/japplphysiol.00454.2011}}, volume = {{111}}, year = {{2011}}, } @article{6067, abstract = {{Implicit change detection demonstrates how the visual system can benefit from stored information that is not immediately available to conscious awareness. We investigated the role of motor action in this context. In the first two experiments, using a one-shot implicit change detection paradigm, participants responded to unperceived changes either with an action (jabbing the screen at the guessed location of a change) or with words (verbal report), and sat either 60 cm or 300 cm (with a laser pointer) away from the display. Our observers guessed the locations of changes at a reachable distance better with an action than with a verbal judgment. At 300 cm, beyond reach, the motor advantage disappeared. In experiment 3, this advantage was also unavailable when participants sat at a reachable distance but responded with hand-held laser pointers near their bodies. We conclude that a motor system specialized for real-time visually guided behavior has access to additional visual information. }}, author = {{Tseng, Philip and Tuennermann, Jan and Roker-Knight, Nancy and Winter, Dorina and Scharlau, Ingrid and Bridgeman, Bruce}}, issn = {{0301-0066}}, journal = {{Perception}}, keywords = {{implicit change detection, action perception, visual system, perceptual judgment, verbal fluency, Analysis of Variance, Awareness, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Random Allocation, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Visual Memory, Visual Stimulation, Implicit Memory, Judgment, Perceptual Discrimination}}, number = {{10}}, pages = {{1311 -- 1321}}, title = {{{Enhancing implicit change detection through action.}}}, volume = {{39}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{6090, abstract = {{Comments on an article by Jan Theeuwes (see record [rid]2010-20897-002[/rid]). Theeuwes summarizes an impressive number of studies demonstrating interference by irrelevant visual singletons in computer experiments with humans. Theeuwes assumes that this salience-driven capture of attention is fast and occurs within 150 ms since singleton onset, during the feed-forward phase of visual processing. In contrast to Theeuwes, we think that top–down contingent capture is the rule and explains initial and fast attention capture effects in the first feed-forward phase of visual processing. During a later phase and under some conditions exogenous capture of attention possibly follows. At the same time, we propose that the evidence presented by Theeuwes fails to support exogenous orienting because it fails to exclude a top–down contingent capture explanation. We present our arguments in two sections. One major source of evidence for top–down controlled attentional capture during the feed-forward}}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0001-6918}}, journal = {{Acta Psychologica}}, keywords = {{visual selection, attention, information, visual field, brain, Attention, Humans, Models, Psychological, Visual Perception, Volition, Brain, Visual Field, Visual Perception, Visual Attention, Information}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{123 -- 126}}, title = {{{Top–down contingent attentional capture during feed-forward visual processing.}}}, volume = {{135}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{6083, abstract = {{How fast can information of a first target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation be used for top-down allocation of attention in time? A valid cue about the temporal position of a second target (T2) was integrated into T1. The data show that 100 ms after T1 onset, T2 was identified better than without cue, raising the conditional T2 performance. T1 apparently triggers a facilitative effect of attention, known from other paradigms such as peripheral cueing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Hilkenmeier, Frederic and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0954-1446}}, journal = {{European Journal of Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{temporal attention, attentional blink paradigm, first target information, top-down allocation, rapid serial visual presentation, Stimulus Presentation Methods, Visual Stimulation, Visual Attention}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1222 -- 1234}}, title = {{{Rapid allocation of temporal attention in the attentional blink paradigm.}}}, volume = {{22}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{11892, abstract = {{For an environment to be perceived as being smart, contextual information has to be gathered to adapt the system's behavior and its interface towards the user. Being a rich source of context information speech can be acquired unobtrusively by microphone arrays and then processed to extract information about the user and his environment. In this paper, a system for joint temporal segmentation, speaker localization, and identification is presented, which is supported by face identification from video data obtained from a steerable camera. Special attention is paid to latency aspects and online processing capabilities, as they are important for the application under investigation, namely ambient communication. It describes the vision of terminal-less, session-less and multi-modal telecommunication with remote partners, where the user can move freely within his home while the communication follows him. The speaker diarization serves as a context source, which has been integrated in a service-oriented middleware architecture and provided to the application to select the most appropriate I/O device and to steer the camera towards the speaker during ambient communication.}}, author = {{Schmalenstroeer, Joerg and Haeb-Umbach, Reinhold}}, journal = {{IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing}}, keywords = {{audio streaming, audio visual data streaming, context information speech, face identification, face recognition, image segmentation, middleware, multimodal telecommunication, online diarization, service oriented middleware architecture, sessionless telecommunication, software architecture, speaker identification, speaker localization, speaker recognition, steerable camera, telecommunication computing, temporal segmentation, terminal-less telecommunication, video streaming}}, number = {{5}}, pages = {{845--856}}, title = {{{Online Diarization of Streaming Audio-Visual Data for Smart Environments}}}, doi = {{10.1109/JSTSP.2010.2050519}}, volume = {{4}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{28964, abstract = {{The relevance of top-down information in the deployment of attention has more and more been emphasized in cognitive psychology. We present recent findings about the dynamic of these processes and also demonstrate that task relevance can be adjusted rapidly by incoming bottom-up information. This adjustment substantially increases performance in a subsequent task. Implications for artificial visual models are discussed.}}, author = {{Hilkenmeier, Frederic and Tünnermann, Jan and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, journal = {{KI 2009: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence.}}, keywords = {{visuo-spatial attention, top-down control, task relevance, artificial visual attention, attentional blink}}, title = {{{Early Top-Down Influences in Control of Attention: Evidence from the Attentional Blink}}}, year = {{2009}}, } @inproceedings{9576, abstract = {{In neurosurgery, delineation of tumor boundaries during resection of brain tumors is of substantial relevance. During operation distinction between tumor and healthy tissue rely on the abilities of the surgeon based on visual and tactile differentiation. In this paper a high sensitivity actuator-sensor system using a piezoelectric bimorph is presented. Frequency shift and transfer function of the bimorphpsilas voltages are detected and evaluated. Sensorpsilas sensitivity is evaluated using two frequency controls strategies: A phase-locked loop (PLL) and a self-oscillating circuit. Results of measurements conducted on gel-phantoms are presented and discussed.}}, author = {{Uribe, David Oliva and Stroop, Ralf and Hemsel, Tobias and Wallaschek, Jörg}}, booktitle = {{Frequency Control Symposium, 2008 IEEE International}}, issn = {{1075-6787}}, keywords = {{biomedical measurement, brain, cancer, neurophysiology, phantoms, phase locked loops, piezoelectric actuators, surgery, tactile sensors, transfer functions, tumours, PLL, biomedical tissue differentiation system, brain tumor resection, frequency control, frequency shift, gel-phantom, high sensitivity actuator-sensor system, neurosurgery, phase-locked loop, piezoelectric actuators, piezoelectric bimorph, self-oscillating circuit, sensor sensitivity, tactile differentiation, tactile sensor system, transfer function, tumor boundary, visual differentiation, Biomedical measurements, Circuits, Frequency control, Neoplasms, Neurosurgery, Phase locked loops, Piezoelectric actuators, Surges, Transfer functions, Voltage}}, pages = {{91--94}}, title = {{{Development of a biomedical tissue differentiation system using piezoelectric actuators}}}, doi = {{10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622963}}, year = {{2008}}, } @article{6087, abstract = {{Visual backward masking is frequently used to study the temporal dynamics of visual perception. These dynamics may include the temporal features of conscious percepts, as suggested, for instance, by the asynchronous-updating model (Neumann, 1982) and perceptual-retouch theory (Bachmann, 1994). These models predict that the perceptual latency of a visual backward mask is shorter than that of a like reference stimulus that was not preceded by a masked stimulus. The prediction has been confirmed by studies using temporal-order judgments: For certain asynchronies between mask and reference stimulus, temporal-order reversals are quite frequent (e.g. Scharlau, & Neumann, 2003a). However, it may be argued that these reversals were due to a response bias in favour of the mask rather than true temporal-perceptual effects. I introduce two measures for assessing latency effects that (1) are not prone to such a response bias, (2) allow to quantify the latency gain, and (3) extend the perceptual e}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{temporal processes, prime mask interaction, perceptual consequences, masked information, visual backward masking, visual perception, Temporal Lobe, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Consequence}}, number = {{1-2}}, pages = {{241 -- 255}}, title = {{{Temporal processes in prime-mask interaction: Assessing perceptual consequences of masked information.}}}, volume = {{3}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6070, abstract = {{The Fehrer-Raab effect (simple reaction time is unaffected by metacontrast masking of the test stimulus) seems to imply that a stimulus can trigger a voluntary reaction without reaching a conscious representation. However, it is also possible that the mask triggers the reaction, and that the masked test stimulus causes a focussing of attention from which processing of the mask profits, thus reaching conscious representation earlier. This is predicted by the Weather Station Model of visual masking. Three experiments tested this explanation. Experiment 1 showed that the masked test stimulus caused a temporal shift of the mask. Experiment 2 showed that the reaction in the Fehrer-Raab effect was not exclusively triggered by a conscious representation of the test stimulus: the mask was involved in evoking the reaction. Experiment 3 again revealed a temporal shift of the mask. However, the shift was only about half as large as the Fehrer-Raab effect. The psychometric functions suggested tha}}, author = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{Fehrer-Raab effect, Weather Station Model, visual backward masking, reaction time, metacontrast masking, conscious representation, Cognition, Humans, Perceptual Masking, Pilot Projects, Psychology, Experimental, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Models, Reaction Time, Visual Contrast, Visual Masking}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{667 -- 677}}, title = {{{Experiments on the Fehrer-Raab effect and the 'Weather Station Model' of visual backward masking.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6093, abstract = {{The U-shaped metacontrast function may result from the superimposition of two monotonic components which reflect the effects of mechanisms similar to the peripheral and central processes suggested for backward pattern masking by Turvey (Psychol Rev 80:1-52, 1973). In an experiment using the disc-ring paradigm, it was demonstrated that the decreasing and increasing branches of the metacontrast function are differently affected by the exposure duration of the mask and a task-irrelevant stimulus (distractor) appearing in the contralateral visual hemifield. The phenomenal representation of masking is different for the two parts of the curve. It is suggested that masking in the second part of the masking function, but not in the first, is related to the control of visual attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{visual attention, metacontrast, backward pattern masking, monotonic components superimposition, Attention, Contrast Sensitivity, Humans, Judgment, Perceptual Masking, Visual Perception, Metacognition, Visual Contrast, Visual Attention, Visual Masking}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{626 -- 633}}, title = {{{Visual attention and the mechanism of metacontrast.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6079, abstract = {{The present paper reviews recent research on perceptual latency priming (PLP). PLP is the relative latency advantage--earlier perception--of a visual stimulus that is preceded by another, masked stimulus at its location. The first stimulus attracts attention which accelerates perception of the second stimulus. This facilitation arises even if the first stimulus is visually backward-masked by the second one. The paper summarises research on temporal and spatial properties of PLP and the question whether intentions mediate shifts of attention to external events. Possible sources of PLP besides visuo-spatial attention are discussed. Finally, I give a review of feedforward and reentrant models of PLP and compare them to the empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, attentional facilitation, visuospatial attention, visual backward masking, prior entry, Attention, Humans, Judgment, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Attention, Priming, Response Latency, Visual Masking, Visuospatial Ability}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{678 -- 686}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming: A measure of attentional facilitation.}}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{6092, abstract = {{The topic of the present edition is visual masking paradigms-as powerful tool for demonstrating the processing of nonconscious visual information. In the present issue one article presents an improved methodology for disentangling perceptual and temporal influences in markers. Another paper demonstrates that preemptive control, or DPS, mediates the allocation of attention towards possible targets. One of the contributions specify conditions under which DPS-like effects are found as opposed to conditions under which stimulus-driven effects are found. A study of two illusions which the prime may cause in a trailing stimulus, a temporal pre-dating of the mask and a perception of motion in later stimuli adjacent to the prime is presented in the issue. Another contribution addresses how the percept of a stimulus is altered by a temporal and spatial interplay of two backward masks or of one forward mask and two backwards masks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Breitmeyer, Bruno G.}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{visual masking, visual information, attention, stimulus-driven effects, motion perception, Attention, Illusions (Perception), Motion Perception, Visual Masking}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{1 -- 5}}, title = {{{Trends and styles in visual masking.}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6073, abstract = {{The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation w}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot}}, issn = {{0001-6918}}, journal = {{Acta Psychologica}}, keywords = {{latency facilitation, temporal order judgments, visual processing, priming, conscious perception, visual mask, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Consciousness States, Judgment, Priming, Visual Masking, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{129 -- 159}}, title = {{{Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: Time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type.}}}, volume = {{122}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6076, abstract = {{In the present study, we examined whether the detection advantage for negative-face targets in crowds of positive-face distractors over positive-face targets in crowds of negative faces can be explained by differentially efficient distractor rejection. Search Condition A demonstrated more efficient distractor rejection with negative-face targets in positive-face crowds than vice versa. Search Condition B showed that target identity alone is not sufficient to account for this effect, because there was no difference in processing efficiency for positive- and negative-face targets within neutral crowds. Search Condition C showed differentially efficient processing with neutral-face targets among positive- or negative-face distractors. These results were obtained with both a within-participants (Experiment 1) and a between-participants (Experiment 2) design. The pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that efficient rejection of positive (more homogenous) distractors is an im}}, author = {{Horstmann, Gernot and Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}}, issn = {{1069-9384}}, journal = {{Psychonomic Bulletin & Review}}, keywords = {{angry face distractors, visual search, negative face distractors, Adult, Anger, Attention, Face, Female, Happiness, Humans, Male, Rejection (Psychology), Visual Perception, Distraction, Face Perception, Visual Perception, Visual Search}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{1067 -- 1073}}, title = {{{More efficient rejection of happy than of angry face distractors in visual search.}}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6094, abstract = {{In the current study, we tested whether search for a visual motion singleton presented among several coherently moving distractors can be more efficient than search for a motion stimulus presented with a single distractor. Under a variety of conditions, multiple spatially distributed and coherently moving distractors facilitated search for a uniquely moving target relative to a single-motion-distractor condition (Experiments 1,3, and 4). Color coherencies among static distractors were not equally effective (Experiments 1 and 2). These results confirm that humans are highly sensitive to antagonistically directed motion signals in backgrounds compared with spatially more confined regions of visual images. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Scharlau, Ingrid and Labudda, Kirsten}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{visual search, motion singleton, visual images, visual motion, coherently moving distractors, Adult, Attention, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Motion Perception, Visual Perception, Motion Perception, Stimulus Salience, Visual Search, Distraction, Retinal Image}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{103 -- 116}}, title = {{{Visual search for a motion singleton among coherently moving distractors.}}}, volume = {{70}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6077, abstract = {{The phenomena of illusory line motion and perceptual latency priming are both assumed to reflect a facilitation of perceptual latency. The explanation of illusory line motion presupposes that attention is distributed in a gradient fashion whereas this is not a necessary part of the explanation of perceptual latency priming. Two experiments test whether an attentional gradient is present in perceptual latency priming. Evidence for a gradient was found within 2.5° of visual angle around the attended location, but not at a distance of 5° and more. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Horstmann, Gernot}}, issn = {{1895-1171}}, journal = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, illusory line motion, attention, visual angle, Illusions (Perception), Priming, Visual Field, Visual Perception, Visual Attention, Spatial Orientation (Perception)}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{87 -- 97}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming and illusory line motion: Facilitation by gradients of attention?}}}, volume = {{2}}, year = {{2006}}, } @article{6068, abstract = {{Attending to a location shortens the perceptual latency of stimuli appearing at this location (perceptual latency priming). According to attentional explanations, perceptual latency priming relies on the speeded transfer of attended visual information into an internal model. However, doubts about the attentional origin have repeatedly been raised because efforts to minimize response bias have been insufficient in most studies. Five experiments investigated the contribution of a response bias to perceptual latency priming (judgment bias due to the two-alternative forced-choice method and due to the existence of the prime, criterion effects or second-order bias, sensorimotor priming). If any, only small response biases were found. The results thus support the attentional explanation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{response bias, temporal order tasks, attention manipulation, masked primes, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Attention, Latent Learning, Priming, Response Bias, Visual Perception, Response Latency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{224 -- 236}}, title = {{{Evidence against response bias in temporal order tasks with attention manipulation by masked primes.}}}, volume = {{68}}, year = {{2004}}, } @article{6089, abstract = {{The spatial distribution of visual attention is a yet unresolved question. One of the main topics is whether attention is distributed in a graded fashion around an attended location (e.g., Downing, 1988; Zimba & Hughes, 1987). The present experiments explore whether, and on which conditions, gradients of attention arise and contribute to perceptual facilitation. A masked or unmasked prime precedes one of two targets whose temporal order has to be judged. The prime captures attention, which shortens the perceptual latency of the primed target (perceptual latency priming; Scharlau & Neumann, 2003a; Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001). No strong evidence for an attentional gradient was found. (1) Accuracy of temporal order judgements was independent of the distance between the two targets that were judged. That is, facilitation of the second target by the first target was spatially invariant. (2) With targets of short duration, facilitation was independent of prime-target distance. (3) With ta}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0272-4987}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology}}, keywords = {{visual attention, spatial distribution, perceptual latency priming, Attention, Priming, Spatial Organization, Visual Perception}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1411 -- 1436}}, title = {{{The spatial distribution of attention in perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{57A}}, year = {{2004}}, }