@article{6065,
  abstract     = {{In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down }},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}},
  issn         = {{0042-6989}},
  journal      = {{Vision Research}},
  keywords     = {{direct parameter specification, DPS, attention shift, latency priming, sensorimotor control, stimuli, task-relevant features, visual targets, color, shape, latency effects, Adult, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Attention, Perceptual Motor Processes, Response Latency, Stimulus Onset, Visual Stimulation, Form and Shape Perception, Sensory Adaptation}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{1351 -- 1363}},
  title        = {{{Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6078,
  abstract     = {{Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal order judgments, masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli, attentional interpretation, response times, location cueing, visual perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Perceptual Masking, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Perception, Masking, Reaction Time, Response Latency, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Contrast, Attention, Cues, Priming, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{184 -- 196}},
  title        = {{{Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation.}}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6086,
  abstract     = {{Visual stimuli (primes) reduce the perceptual latency of a target appearing at the same location (perceptual latency priming, PLP). Three experiments assessed the time course of PLP by masked and, in Experiment 3, unmasked primes. Experiments 1 (N=11; mean age 26.9) and 2 (N=12; mean age 25.6) investigated the temporal parameters that determine the size of priming. Stimulus onset asynchrony was found to exert the main influence accompanied by a small effect of prime duration. Experiment 3 (N=19; mean age 27.7) used a large range of priming onset asynchronies. We suggest to explain PLP by the Asynchronous Updating Model which relates it to the asynchrony of 2 central coding processes, preattentive coding of basic visual features and attentional orienting as a prerequisite for perceptual judgments and conscious perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}},
  issn         = {{0001-6918}},
  journal      = {{Acta Psychologica}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal parameters, Asynchronous Updating Model, time course, stimulus onset asynchrony, visual masking, attention, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Priming, Stimulus Onset, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Models, Time}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{185 -- 203}},
  title        = {{{Temporal parameters and time course of perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{113}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6072,
  abstract     = {{According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time (RT) effects only if the information specified one of the required responses (Experiments 1 and 3). Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT if it was provided by visible cues (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (PsycINFO }},
  author       = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Heumann, Manfred and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1053-8100}},
  journal      = {{Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal}},
  keywords     = {{active intentions, cues, direct parameter specification, nonconscious processing ability, Adult, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Awareness, Cognitive Processes, Cues, Intention, Consciousness States, Probability}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{528 -- 545}},
  title        = {{{Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task.}}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}

@article{6074,
  abstract     = {{Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0031-5117}},
  journal      = {{Perception & Psychophysics}},
  keywords     = {{attention, leading primes, trailing primes, temporal order perception, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Random Allocation, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Masking, Priming, Stimulus Frequency, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1346 -- 1360}},
  title        = {{{Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}