@article{17289,
  abstract     = {{Robots have to deal with an enormous amount of sensory stimuli. One solution in making sense of them is to enable a robot system to actively search for cues that help structuring the information. Studies with infants reveal that parents support the learning-process by modifying their interaction style, dependent on their child's developmental age. In our study, in which parents demonstrated everyday actions to their preverbal children (8-11 months old), our aim was to identify objective parameters for multimodal action modification. Our results reveal two action parameters being modified in adult-child interaction: roundness and pace. Furthermore, we found that language has the power to help children structuring actions sequences by synchrony and emphasis. These insights are discussed with respect to the built-in attention architecture of a socially interactive robot, which enables it to understand demonstrated actions. Our algorithmic approach towards automatically detecting the task structure in child-designed input demonstrates the potential impact of insights from developmental learning on robotics. The presented findings pave the way to automatically detect when to imitate in a demonstration}},
  author       = {{Rohlfing, Katharina and Fritsch, Jannik and Wrede, Britta and Jungmann, Tanja}},
  issn         = {{1568-5535}},
  journal      = {{Advanced Robotics}},
  keywords     = {{multi-modal motherese, child-directed input, motionese, learning mechanisms}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{1183--1199}},
  publisher    = {{VSP BV}},
  title        = {{{How can multimodal cues from child-directed interaction reduce learning complexity in robots?}}},
  doi          = {{10.1163/156855306778522532}},
  volume       = {{20}},
  year         = {{2006}},
}

@article{6069,
  abstract     = {{Most models of visuospatial attention include the notion that attention is dedicated to a single location in space. However, several researchers have found evidence that under appropriate circumstances, attention may be allocated to noncontiguous locations (e.g., Awn & Pashler, 2000; Bichot, Cave, & Pashler, 1999; Kramer & Hahn, 1995). In the present experiments, the spatial distribution of attention was assessed by a novel method, perceptual latency priming: the latency benefit of an attended visual stimulus, as compared with a nonattended stimulus. Experiment 1 assessed whether observers are able to attend to two nonadjacent regions or a region of variable size. Experiment 2 tested whether, when two distant locations are attended to, the region between them is necessarily also in the focus of attention. Two further experiments controlled for objections against the method used and replicated the main results of the first two experiments. The experiments showed a robust attentional pr}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0031-5117}},
  journal      = {{Perception & Psychophysics}},
  keywords     = {{visuospatial attention, priming paradigm, spatial distribution, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Attention, Priming, Spatial Perception, Visuospatial Ability}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{988 -- 1002}},
  title        = {{{Evidence for split foci of attention in a priming paradigm.}}},
  volume       = {{66}},
  year         = {{2004}},
}

@article{6068,
  abstract     = {{Attending to a location shortens the perceptual latency of stimuli appearing at this location (perceptual latency priming). According to attentional explanations, perceptual latency priming relies on the speeded transfer of attended visual information into an internal model. However, doubts about the attentional origin have repeatedly been raised because efforts to minimize response bias have been insufficient in most studies. Five experiments investigated the contribution of a response bias to perceptual latency priming (judgment bias due to the two-alternative forced-choice method and due to the existence of the prime, criterion effects or second-order bias, sensorimotor priming). If any, only small response biases were found. The results thus support the attentional explanation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{response bias, temporal order tasks, attention manipulation, masked primes, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Serial Learning, Attention, Latent Learning, Priming, Response Bias, Visual Perception, Response Latency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{224 -- 236}},
  title        = {{{Evidence against response bias in temporal order tasks with attention manipulation by masked primes.}}},
  volume       = {{68}},
  year         = {{2004}},
}

@article{6065,
  abstract     = {{In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down }},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}},
  issn         = {{0042-6989}},
  journal      = {{Vision Research}},
  keywords     = {{direct parameter specification, DPS, attention shift, latency priming, sensorimotor control, stimuli, task-relevant features, visual targets, color, shape, latency effects, Adult, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Attention, Perceptual Motor Processes, Response Latency, Stimulus Onset, Visual Stimulation, Form and Shape Perception, Sensory Adaptation}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{1351 -- 1363}},
  title        = {{{Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6078,
  abstract     = {{Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal order judgments, masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli, attentional interpretation, response times, location cueing, visual perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Perceptual Masking, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Perception, Masking, Reaction Time, Response Latency, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Contrast, Attention, Cues, Priming, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{184 -- 196}},
  title        = {{{Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation.}}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6086,
  abstract     = {{Visual stimuli (primes) reduce the perceptual latency of a target appearing at the same location (perceptual latency priming, PLP). Three experiments assessed the time course of PLP by masked and, in Experiment 3, unmasked primes. Experiments 1 (N=11; mean age 26.9) and 2 (N=12; mean age 25.6) investigated the temporal parameters that determine the size of priming. Stimulus onset asynchrony was found to exert the main influence accompanied by a small effect of prime duration. Experiment 3 (N=19; mean age 27.7) used a large range of priming onset asynchronies. We suggest to explain PLP by the Asynchronous Updating Model which relates it to the asynchrony of 2 central coding processes, preattentive coding of basic visual features and attentional orienting as a prerequisite for perceptual judgments and conscious perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}},
  issn         = {{0001-6918}},
  journal      = {{Acta Psychologica}},
  keywords     = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal parameters, Asynchronous Updating Model, time course, stimulus onset asynchrony, visual masking, attention, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Priming, Stimulus Onset, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Models, Time}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{185 -- 203}},
  title        = {{{Temporal parameters and time course of perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{113}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}

@article{6072,
  abstract     = {{According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time (RT) effects only if the information specified one of the required responses (Experiments 1 and 3). Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT if it was provided by visible cues (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (PsycINFO }},
  author       = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Heumann, Manfred and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1053-8100}},
  journal      = {{Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal}},
  keywords     = {{active intentions, cues, direct parameter specification, nonconscious processing ability, Adult, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Awareness, Cognitive Processes, Cues, Intention, Consciousness States, Probability}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{528 -- 545}},
  title        = {{{Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task.}}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}

@article{6074,
  abstract     = {{Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0031-5117}},
  journal      = {{Perception & Psychophysics}},
  keywords     = {{attention, leading primes, trailing primes, temporal order perception, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Random Allocation, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Masking, Priming, Stimulus Frequency, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1346 -- 1360}},
  title        = {{{Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming.}}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}