[{"issue":"4","year":"2025","date_created":"2025-01-31T13:40:36Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","title":"Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons & AI","publication":"Digital War","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The “kill chain”—involving the analysis of data by human users of military technologies, the understanding of that data, and human decisions—has fast been replaced by the “kill cloud” that necessitates, allows, and exacerbates increased thirst for domination, violence against distant populations, and a culture of experimentation with human lives. This commentary reports an interdisciplinary discussion organised by the Disruption Network Lab that brought together whistleblowers, artists, and experts investigating the impact of artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies on networked warfare. Exposing the problematics of networked warfare and the kill cloud, their colonial overtones, effects on human subjects in real life, erroneous scientific rationalities, and the (business) practices and logics that enable this algorithmic machinery of violence. The conference took place from the 29th of November to the 1st of December 2024 at the Kunstquartier Bethanien in Berlin, Germany."}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["autonomous weapons systems","algorithmic warfare","cloud computing","war on terror"],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2662-1975","2662-1983"]},"citation":{"ama":"Bhila I. Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>. 2025;6(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i> 6, no. 4 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","ieee":"I. Bhila, “Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI,” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","short":"I. Bhila, Digital War 6 (2025).","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Bhila_2025, title={Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>}, number={4}, journal={Digital War}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bhila, Ishmael}, year={2025} }","apa":"Bhila, I. (2025). Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>, <i>6</i>(4). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>"},"intvolume":"         6","author":[{"id":"105772","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila","first_name":"Ishmael"}],"volume":6,"date_updated":"2025-01-31T13:43:54Z","oa":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x#article-info"}],"doi":"10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x","type":"journal_article","status":"public","user_id":"105772","_id":"58472","article_type":"review"},{"_id":"56282","user_id":"105772","keyword":["Algorithmic Bias","AI","Decision Support Systems","Autonomous Weapons Systems"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"misc","abstract":[{"text":"Algorithmic bias has long been recognized as a key problem affecting decision-making processes that integrate artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The increased use of AI in making military decisions relevant to the use of force has sustained such questions about biases in these technologies and in how human users programme with and rely on data based on hierarchized socio-cultural norms, knowledges, and modes of attention.\r\n\r\nIn this post, Dr Ingvild Bode, Professor at the Center for War Studies, University of Southern Denmark, and Ishmael Bhila, PhD researcher at the “Meaningful Human Control: Between Regulation and Reflexion” project, Paderborn University, unpack the problem of algorithmic bias with reference to AI-based decision support systems (AI DSS). They examine three categories of algorithmic bias – preexisting bias, technical bias, and emergent bias – across four lifecycle stages of an AI DSS, concluding that stakeholders in the ongoing discussion about AI in the military domain should consider the impact of algorithmic bias on AI DSS more seriously.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2024-11-26T09:49:48Z","publisher":"ICRC Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog","oa":"1","date_created":"2024-09-30T11:44:28Z","author":[{"first_name":"Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","id":"105772"},{"first_name":"Ingvild","full_name":"Bode, Ingvild","last_name":"Bode"}],"title":"The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/","relation":"confirmation"}]},"year":"2024","citation":{"apa":"Bhila, I., &#38; Bode, I. (2024). <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog.","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","bibtex":"@book{Bhila_Bode_2024, title={The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems}, publisher={ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog}, author={Bhila, Ishmael and Bode, Ingvild}, year={2024} }","short":"I. Bhila, I. Bode, The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems, ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","ieee":"I. Bhila and I. Bode, <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","ama":"Bhila I, Bode I. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog; 2024."}}]